• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.437-443
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• 2005

Quality characteristic of Kipfel cookies with 0, 20, 40 and $60\%$ of freeze dried chitosan-chungkukjang(CC), which was fermented for 24 hours at $40^{\circ}C$ with steamed soybean added with $0.25\%$ of chitosan(MW 2,025 kDa) powder and inoculated $2\%$ of Bacillus lichenifomis, were investigated Bulk density was higher in the CC cookie, but there were no difference among the CC cookies. While hardness was decreased, brittleness and springiness were increased in the higher ratio of CC, but no significant difference was observed in cohesiveness and gumminess. According to increasing the CC ratio, L$\ast$ values and hue angle were decreased from 62.69 and 96.71 to 44.41 and 69.30, respectively. While a$\ast$ values were increased from -1.94 to 4.95, and no changes were observed in b$\ast$ values. Glucosamine content was $27.34 mg\%$ in the control cookie, $40{\~}93.75 mg\%$ in the CC cookies. Antioxidant activity of the CC cookies were higher than the control. The activity of the control cookie was decreased during storage, while it was maintained in CC cookies. There were no differences in the sour, sweet and savory taste. Off-flavor did not detected in the $0{\~}40\%$ CC cookies, but the chungkukjang odor was slightly detected in the $60\%$ CC cookie. The $20{\~}40\%$ CC cookies did not affect on native odor of Kipfel cookie. Color acceptability also did not affect by addition of CC $20{\~}40\%$ but it was lower in $60\%$ CC cookie. Overall acceptability was the best in the $20\%$ CC cookie.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.507-511
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• 2000

Background: The prognosis for young patients generally considered to be poor. The purpose of this study was to determined whether the clinical characteristics and the survival rate in young lung cancer patients after surgical treatment differs from that in older patients. Material and Method: Of 526 patients, 28(5.3%) were 30 to 40 years old. We studied the clinical characteristics and prognosis of 28 patients aged 40 years or less(Group 1), in whom primary lung cancer was diagnosed and operated between 1990 and 1997, and compared them with those 498 patients aged more than 40 years(Group 2). Result: The differences in sex ratio that were higher for women in Group 1, but there was no significant difference (p=0.297). The percentages for smokers and symptoms in Group 1 were significantly less than in Group 2.(p=0.049, p=0.008). Adenocarcinoma was significantly more common (p=0.018) and squamous cell diagnosed was diagnosed as stage IIIb or stage IV in 9 patients(32.1%), while 12.0% of the patients older than 40 years of age had either stage IIIb or stage IV(p=0.002). The 5-year survival rate was 41.3% in Group 1 ; 37.7% in Group 2, and the median survival time was 24.3 months in Group 1 ; 27.0 months is Group 2. There were no significant difference in survival between two age groups(p=0.808). Conclusion: Younger patients have more adenocarcinoma, however have less squamous cell carcinoma, less symptoms and less smoking history. Although younger patients tended to have more advanced disease and less complete resection rate, the recurrence and the long term survival in these patients did not differ that of older patients.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2022

To investigate the domestic seed production potential of Italian ryegrass, it was sown in autumn in the southern region and harvested in the spring of the following year to investigate the productivity and quality of seeds and straw. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) 'GreenCall' variety was sown in Jinju, Gyeongnam in the fall of 2020 with three seeding rates (20, 30 and 40 kg/ha). The experiment was arranged consisted of a randomized block design with three replications. The ryegrass was sown on October 17, 2020, and the harvest was on May 31, about 60 days from the heading stage. The heading stage of Italian ryegrass was April 28, and there was no difference among treatments. Plant height was significantly shorter in the 40 kg/ha seeding treatment group, and there was no significant difference in the remaining treatments. The resistance of lodging, disease, and cold did not show significant differences among treatments. Spike length and number of seeds per spike were highest at 20 kg/ha seeding amount, and there was no difference in the remaining treatments. The seed yield was the highest at 1,956 kg/ha in the 20 kg/ha seeding rate, and there was no difference in the 30 and 40 kg/ha seeding rates. The dry matter content of seeds and straws was 45.60 and 41.83% on average, and there was no significant difference among treatments. The amount of remaining straw after seed harvesting was found to be 7,689 kg/ha on average on a dry basis, and it was high in the 40 kg/ha sowing area, but there was no significant difference among treatments. According to the above results, it was found that it is most advantageous to sow at 20 kg/ha when producing Italian ryegrass seeds through autumn sowing in the southern region.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.17-29
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• 2003

The objective of this study is to investigate the fit preference tendency for ready-to-wears(jackets, skirts, and slacks) of adult women and to find out the respective differences by the age range and the obesity level. The study method was the questionnaire survey with the subjects of 699 women of 20 up to 59 years of age. The questionnaire is composed of fit preference tendency, physical measurements, age, and occupation. For the data analysis, SPSS 90. program was used, and descriptive statistics, Crosstabs, ANOVA, Duncan's test, and t-test were conducted. The findings are as follows. 1. Regarding the fit preferred for each part of jackets, skirts, and slacks, among ready-to-wears, the 'thing with some extra width' in every part was most favored, followed by the 'thing fitting perfectly'. 2. The differences were found in the fit preference tendency by the age of adult women. The fit preference tendency was higher among those in their 20's than among those of the other age range, and those in their 30's and 40's preferred the clothes with less extra width in comparison with those in their 50's. 3. The differences were also found in the fit preference tendency by the obesity level of adult women. The fit preference tendency was high in the order of the emaciation, normalcy, and obesity types. 4. The fit preference tendency was found to be more affected by the obesity level than by the age. The fit preference tendency by the obesity level of each age range showed the differences in all of the age range. However, the normal type did not show the preference difference among the age ranges, in the fit preference tendency by the age range of each obesity level. Clothing manufacturing firms should understand the characteristics of consumers, such as their age, body type, extra width preferred, to provide the consumers of target market with suitable leeway, and they should design the clothing products which meet up these needs in style and silhouette.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.966-976
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• 2017

This study investigated the effects of wearing latex gloves with inner gloves on the skin hydration of the hands. Fifteen young males participated in the following three conditions: bare hand (BH), latex glove (LG), and latex glove with inner glove condition (LGIG) at an air temperature of $28^{\circ}C$ with 50%RH. Subjects typed a book for 120 min. The results were as follows. Skin hydration was greater for LG and LGIG than BH (p<.001), but no difference was found between LG and LGIG. Skin hydration showed greater values on the thenar and dorsum compared to the palm for both LG and LGIG (p<.05). Skin hydration on the thenar increased during the typing for LG and LGIG, but on the dorsum, palm and finger maintained after 40 min typing. There were positive relationships between hand skin hydration and hand temperature (p<.05). Subjects indicated 'much warmer' and 'more humid' for the LG and LGIG compared to the BH (p<.001), but no differences were found between LG and LGIG. In conclusion, wearing inner gloves inside latex gloves did not induce a reduction of skin hydration and hand temperature; however, significant differences were found in all measurements between bare hands and gloved hands.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.41-53
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that affect middle-old aged housewives' participation in lifelong learning as a part of human resource development. Through purposive sampling, the study recruited 163 full-time housewives over age 40 years who live in C City. As a result, first, 87.1 percent of all respondents, or 142, said they were willing to participate in lifelong learning in the future. There was no statistically significant difference in the results of cross-checking by age, educational background and monthly household income variables. Additionally, we used cluster analysis to measure differences in participation intentions according to the perception of human resource development of middle-old aged full-time housewives. The perception variable of lifelong learning is: First, Cognitive degree, second, importance, third, activation awareness. Cluster 1(n=16) was divided into generally low-perception types, such as cognitive degree, importance, and life-long learning activation of the C city, while Cluster 2(n=61) was classified as a type of person who thinks that lifelong learning is important to life and Cluster 3(n=86) was generally classified as a type with a higher lifelong learning perception. and we found that there was no difference in the intention to participate in lifelong learning by all cluster Lastly, we found that participants who valued human resource development scored significantly higher on measures of cognition than those who did not value it. Based on these results, we advocates social change that encourages the cultivation of talent through lifelong learning programs that can positively affect one's unique identity, not just wife and mother, and provide opportunities for self-development.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 1993

The Inhibiting activity of newly synthesized phenol (E-series) and triazine (T-series) derivatives was evaluated by using thylakoid membranes extracted from cyanobacteria (Anacystis nidulans $R_2$). There were no significant differences between phenol derivatives and dinoseb to the thylakoid membrane extracted from wild type in the Hill reaction. However, a phenol derivative, E-24 which has no -Cl at phenyl ring, did not show any activity. The longer the length of R substituents was in phenol derivatives, the lower inhibiting activity was in the Hill reaction. Triazine derivatives, T-27, T-28, T-40, T-41, T-47 and T-48 were also compared with diuron and atrazine. Among triazine compounds, T-27 and T-28 showed 10 and 30 times activity as high as atrazine to wild type, respectively. Other triazine derivatives, T-40, T-41, T-47 and T-48 showed low inhibiting activity to wild and mutant type. A structural difference of T-27 and T-28 from T-40, T-41, T-47 and T-48 was the presented of -C-NH-. Both T-27 and T-28 were very closely associated with serine, an amino acid located at the 264th position of D1 protein because of the resistant ratio(R/S) to mutant G-264 were higher than that of atrazine.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.495-507
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• 2021

Objectives: This study examined regional differences in the intake of dietary total fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA) and their food sources among Korean adults. We also investigated the associations of SFA intake with metabolic diseases by region. Methods: This study included 13,926 adults (≥ 19y) who participated in the 2016 ~ 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. The regions were divided into urban and rural areas according to the administrative districts where the participants lived. Using dietary data obtained from a 24-h recall, intake of total fat and SFA and their food sources were assessed by region. Metabolic diseases included obesity, abdominal obesity, and elevated total cholesterol and their association with SFA intake by region were examined using multiple logistic regression. Results: Of the participants, 19.6% lived in rural areas. In urban areas, the total fat and SFA intakes were higher than in rural areas: 21.2% of energy (%E) came from total fat and 6.9%E from SFA in urban areas, whereas 18.0%E came from total fat and 5.8%E from SFA in rural areas. The percentage of participants who exceeded the dietary reference intakes for total fat and SFA in urban areas was 16.5% and 41.9%, respectively, but 43.4% of participants in rural areas showed lower intake levels for total fat compared to the reference level. Young adults did not show regional differences in fat intake, and the percentage of subjects who exceeded the reference for SFA was high both in urban (58.5%) and rural (55.7%) areas. Among middle-aged and older adults, intake of fatty acids except for n-3 fatty acid was significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. About 69% of older adults in rural areas showed a lower intake of total fat compared to the reference level. The food sources for total fat and SFA were meat, soybean oil, eggs, and milk in both areas. The intake of fat from eggs, milk, mayonnaise, and bread was higher in urban areas, but the intake of fat from white rice and coffee mix was higher in rural areas. The SFA intake was positively associated with elevated serum total cholesterol in urban areas (4th quartile vs. 1st quartile, OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.06-1.40, P for trend: 0.043), but not in rural areas. Conclusions: Regional differences in total fat and SFA intakes and their food sources were observed among Korean adults. Our findings may help plan nutritional strategies to ameliorate regional health disparities.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.109-122
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• 2002

The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effects of the Nuegra on enhancement of the masculine and physical activities in general through measuring changes of the testosterone, FSH and subjective symptoms like fatigue, insomnia, urinary stream, muscular weakness, libido and erectile dysfunction. Total 168 male subjects were enrolled from 12 urology, internal medicine clinics and general practitioner, During the 6-week investigational period, 2 capsules of Nuegra were given to the subjects right after meal for 4 weeks, and 1 capsule of Nuegra was added each time in subjects with no or minimal effect. Testoster-one and FSH levels were measured at first visit and last visit, for evaluating masculine activities. To avoid bias and standardize the test results, only one clinic was assigned as a central lab, and all blood samples were transferred. General information and subjective symptoms were evaluated at first visit and at 2 weeks interval, week 2, 4 and 6 using VAS (Visual Analogue Scale). The mean age of the subjects were 51.8${\pm}$8.2 years old (range: 36.1-82.1). Based on the subjects who were tested on testosterone and FSH levels at day l and week 6, the means were 4.4${\pm}$1.4 nmol/L (range: 2.6-7.7), 8.6${\pm}$9.6 mIU/mL (range: 0.3-40.4), respectively at day 1. At week 6, the results were 4.9 ${\pm}$1.6 (2.6-8.9 range), 9.4${\pm}$13.1 (1.0-53.9 range), respectively. Marginally significant difference between pre-dose and post-dose was present. Statistically significant differences were revealed in general assessment for subjective symptoms, fatigue, insomnia, erectile dysfunction, etc. In fatigue, response rates were 39.6, 65.4 and 76.4% at week 2, 4 and 6, respectively (P < 0.0001). Response vates for erectile dysfunction were 13.4, 41.2 and 72.7% at week 2, 4, and 6 (P < 0.0001), respectively, Response rates for libido were 13.6, 51.6 and 73.5% at week 2, 4, and 6 (P < 0.0001), respectively. For urinary stream response rates were 26.9, 44.7 and 66.8% at week 2, 4, and 6 (P < 0.0001), respectively. VAS for muscular weakness did not show significant results that response rates were 40, 60 and 80% at week 2, 4, and 6 from 8.2 (P ＝ 0.24), respectively. Response rates for insomnia were 50, 60, 100% at week 2, 4, and 6 (P < 0.0001), respectively. The results shows that Nuegra tends to enhance masculine activities including libido, erectile dysfunction and urinary stream and also effective for improving general conditions especially insomnia, muscular weakness and fatigue. In conclusion, this investigation has demonstrated that Nuegra does not only have tendency to increase masculine activities through increased secretion of the testosterone and FSH but also improve general conditions such as erectile dysfunction, libido, fatigue and muscular power.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.93-100
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• 2016

Objectives : To find an acupuncture point where more exact Surface Electromyography(SEMG) measurement can be drown, through the study of measurement of orbicularis oris. Methods : Of healthy people from 19 to 40 years of age, who did not fall under exclusion criteria (22 males and 22 females), were selected as subjects, after relaxation for 10 minutes, and they were told how to pronounce 'O' and 'U' with their lips puckered. The SEMG figures were measured with attaching disposable electrode on acupuncture point of right-and-left Hwaryo(LI19) and 1 cun away from Seungjang(CV24) on both sides when the subjects pronounced 'O' and 'U'. Results : The average value was highest on left 1 cun away from Seungjang(CV24) in pronouncing 'O' and 'U', and the average SEMG value was higher in the order of right 1 cun away from Seungjang(CV24), right Hwaryo(LI19), left Hwaryo(LI19). Average of the lower orbicularis oris is statistically higher than that of the upper orbicularis oris, which has significant meaning. However, there was no significant difference when compared by pronunciation. Average of percentage mark of differences of right-and-left measured value of each pronunciation and each acupuncture point : Pronounced 'O' and the upper part of orbicularis oris: $16.76{\pm}11.29%$, pronounced 'O' and the lower part of orbicularis oris: $22.41{\pm}12.92%$, pronounced 'U' and the upper part of orbicularis oris: $17.10{\pm}9.89%$, pronounced 'U' and the lower part of orbicularis oris : $19.20{\pm}10.82%$. Conclusion : The difference of pronunciation will not affect the results in SEMG measurement. In addition, the average of the lower orbicularis oris is statistically and significantly higher than that of the upper orbicularis oris.