• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.565-576
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrition education on nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake of Chinese college students in Korea. The subjects were 64 Chinese college students in Korea (educated group, 32 students vs. non-educated group, 32 students). Educated group was lessoned as group and/or individual. Nutrition education program consisted of four lessons (40min/lesson), '6 major nutrients & function (group lesson)', '6 food group and sources (group lesson)', 'personalized daily needed energy and food exchange units using Food Exchange System (individual lesson)', and 'smart choice of snacks and eating-out foods (group lesson)'. We examined the differences between educated group and non-educated group in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes and nutrients intake. After education, there were positive improvements on nutrition knowledge: 'function and foods of 6 nutrients', on dietary attitudes: 'type of breakfast' in educated group. In the evaluation of nutrient intakes according to Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (KDRI), there were positive improvements on intake levels of riboflavin, fiber, vitamin B6, vitamin C, folate, Ca and K in the educated group. In the index of nutrition quality (INQ), nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean nutrition adequacy ratio (MAR) were significantly increased in the educated group. In conclusion, it is possible to improve nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake of Chinese college students in Korea through the nutrition education focused on personalized daily needed energy and food exchange units.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.327-337
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• 2009

University students tend to have various dietary problems including undesirable dietary behaviors, inadequate intakes of nutrients and biased habits of liquid consumption. This study was conducted to find dietary behaviors (n = 357) by questionnaire survey and to examine dietary nutrient intakes (n = 60) and liquid consumption (n = 853) by food record method for 3-days among university students attended in K University of Chungnam province in Korea. Most subjects lived in the dormitory or self-boarding house, and they skipped breakfast most frequently and took breakfast most irregularly among three meals. Dietary mean intakes of energy, Ca, vitamin B2 and folate were lower than the KDRI (37-85%), and those of males were poorer than those of females. Ratios of energy intake among three meals and snacks were not distributed evenly, so the mean energy intake from snacks was higher and that from breakfast was lower than the ideal ratio, respectively. Daily mean consumption of liquid was 1,526.4 mL/d for males and 1,151.5 mL/d for females, and these intakes were more than the KDRI (1,300 mL/d for males and 1,100 mL/d for females). However, their sources of liquid consumption were not desirable because alcohol, soda, juice of fruit or vegetable and beverage mixed with fruit juice and/or vegetable juice were major sources of liquid as well as drinking water. These findings show that university students have poor dietary behaviors including frequent skipping of breakfast, irregularity of meals, inadequate intakes of nutrients and undesirable pattersirablliquid consumption including high portion of alcohol and soda as alliquid source, and these trends were stronger for males than for females. Therefore, we should endeavor to correct their meal problems id ated to dietary behaviors, nutrient intakes and liquid consumptions through nutrition education.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.7 s.221
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• pp.85-98
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of dietary and serum phospholipid fatty acids composition and serum lipid levels in postmenopausal women. Data about anthropometry, dietary intake, physical activities, serum lipid profile and serum phospholipid fatty acid composition were collected from eighty-five postmenopausal women. The subjects were classified as normocholesterolemia (NC), moderate hypercholesterolemia(MC) and phyperchollesterolemia(HC) according to their serum total cholesterol (TC) levels based on The Guideline for Korean Hyperlipidemia set/published by The Committee for Hyperlipidemia in Korea. The results were as follows. Total energy intake and the ratio of energy intake to energy expenditure were positively related, while dietary fiber intake was negatively related, with serum TC level. Dietary fat intake was positively related with serum LDL-C level. Dietary cholesterol, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intake and the ratio of ingested saturated fat and cholesterol to calories (RISCC) were positively related, while the P/S ratio of dietary fat was negatively related, with serum TC and LDL-C levels. Serum phospholipid fatty acids composition was not significantly different among the three groups. SFA of serum phospholipid fatty acids was positively related, while P/S and M/S ratios of serum phospholipid fatiy acids were negatively correlated, with serum TC and LDL-C levels. We recommend that the dietary P/S ratio of postmenopausal women is increased by reducing their dietary SFA intake. With these changes in the diet, serum phospholipid fatty acid composition could be also changed, and serum lipids levels could be improved.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.1004-1012
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy levels on the physiological parameters and reproductive performance of gestating first parity sows. A total of 52 F1 gilts ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace$) were allocated to 4 dietary treatments using a completely randomized design. Each treatment contained diets with 3,100, 3,200, 3,300, or 3,400 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg, and the daily energy intake of the gestating gilts in each treatment were 6,200, 6,400, 6,600, and 6,800 kcal of ME, respectively. During gestation, the body weight (p = 0.04) and weight gain (p = 0.01) of gilts linearly increased with increasing dietary energy levels. Backfat thickness was not affected at d110 of gestation by dietary treatments, but increased linearly (p = 0.05) from breeding to d 110 of gestation. There were no significant differences on the litter size or litter birth weight. During lactation, the voluntary feed intake of sows tended to decrease when the dietary energy levels increased (p = 0.08). No difference was observed in backfat thickness of the sows within treatments; increasing energy levels linearly decreased the body weight of sows (p<0.05) at d 21 of lactation and body weight gain during lactation (p<0.01). No significant differences were observed in the chemical compositions of colostrum and milk. Therefore, these results indicated that high-energy diets influenced the bodyweight and backfat thickness of sows during gestation and lactation. NRC (2012) suggested that the energy requirement of the gestation gilt should be between 6,678 and 7,932 kcal of ME/d. Similarly, our results suggested that 3,100 kcal of ME/kg is not enough to maintain the reproductive performance for gilts during gestation with 2 kg feed daily. Gilts in the treatment 3,400 kcal of ME/kg have a higher weaning number of piglets, but bodyweight and backfat loss were higher than other treatments during lactation. But bodyweight and backfat loss were higher than other treatments during lactation. Consequently, an adequate energy requirement of gestating gilts is 6,400 kcal of ME/d.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.279-288
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• 2017

Objectives: Recommended Menu (RM) prepared according to the Target Pattern expected to meet the dietary reference intake (DRI) of nutrients. Nutritional adequacy of RM in 'DRI for Koreans 2015' were analyzed to verify whether such expectation was fulfilled. Methods: Dishes in RM are categorized by 5 food groups, and number and types of dishes for main meal and between-meals were analyzed. The energy and 12 nutrients (protein, dietary fiber, Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C) contents in 10 RMs were calculated using the food composition table (CD) in 'DRI for Koreans'. Energy, energy contribution ratio, and nutrient contents in 10 RMs for 18 age groups were evaluated based on the 'DRI for Koreans 2015'. Results: Number of dishes per meal were 4.83, and representative table setting consisted of cooked rice + soup (or stew) +3 side dishes. Energy contents of RM were 75~109% of estimated energy requirement (EER). None of the RM met the DRI of all 12 nutrients examined. Calcium was the most insufficient nutrient. Only 1-2 years' RM met the DRI, all the other RMs did not meet the calcium DRI. Dietary fiber and potassium contents were also insufficient in most RM. In adult male's RM, only 1 nutrient, i.e. calcium did not meet the DRI, but in female adult's RM, 5~6 nutrients did not meet the DRI. Energy contribution ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat in RM were 59.0~70.4%, 15.7~17.5%, 12.1~23.5%, respectively. And 4 RMs out of 10 exceeded the upper limit of acceptable macro-nutrient distribution range (AMDR) of carbohydrate and 3 RMs out of 10 RM were below the lower limit of fat AMDR. Contribution ratio of nutrients were ${\geq}40%$ by food groups were as follows: grain group in energy and carbohydrate; meat fish egg legume group in fat, protein, and niacin; vegetables group in dietary fiber, vitamin A, and vitamin C; milk dairy products group in calcium. Conclusions: RM prepared according to the Target Pattern did not meet nutritional adequacy as expected. Especially calcium, potassium, and dietary fiber contents are needed to be increased in many RMs. Further, energy content in RM needs to be adjusted for fat sugar food group assigned in Target Pattern and condiment.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.154-162
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• 2019

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary energy and crude protein (CP) levels on reproductive performance, litter performance, milk quality, and blood profiles in gestating sows. A total of 59 multiparous sows (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) with similar body weights (BW), backfat thickness (BF), and parity were assigned to one of six treatments with 9 or 10 sows per treatment using a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement and completely randomized design. The first factor was two levels of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) density (13.40 or 13.82 MJ/kg) and the second factor was three dietary protein levels based from 35 day in gestating phases (10.5%, 12%, and 13.5%). Backfat thickness change in lactating sows decreased linearly as CP level increased (p = 0.03). Increased energy level in the gestating sow diet tended to increase the total number of piglets born (p = 0.07), but piglet weight decreased (p = 0.02). Dietary CP level had a negative effect on colostrum quality. Casein, protein, total solid, and solids-not-fat concentrations decreased linearly and lactose level increased linearly as CP level in the gestating sow diet increased (casein%: p = 0.03; protein%: p = 0.04; lactose%: p = 0.06; total solids: p = 0.03; solid-not-fat: p = 0.03, respectively). However, improving ME by 0.42 MJ/kg had no significant effect on the chemical composition of sow colostrum. There were no significant differences in blood glucose concentration in gestating sows when sows were fed different levels of energy during gestation, but blood glucose increased at 21 day of lactation when energy increased by 0.42 MJ/kg (p = 0.04). Blood urea nitrogen concentration increased linearly when dietary CP levels increased at 110 day in gestation, 24-hours postpartum, and 21 days of lactation (linear, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively), and it also increased when dietary energy increased at 110 days of gestation and 24-hours postpartum (p < 0.01, and p < 0.01, respectively). A gestating sow diet containing 13.82 MJ/kg ME and 10.5% CP can improve reproductive performance, litter performance, and colostrum quality.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.989-1001
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• 2023

The study evaluated the effects of dietary fiber and energy levels administered during two growing periods (d 0-28 and d 29-56) for pigs exposed to a high temperature. A total of 96 growing pigs were used in six treatments as: Two treatments in thermoneutral temperature (21℃-24℃) with dietary energy of 3,300 and the inclusion of high or low fiber, two treatments in heat stress (30℃-34℃) with dietary energy of 3,300 and the inclusion of high or low fiber, and two treatments in heat stress with dietary energy of 3,450 and the inclusion of high or low fiber. Among standard energy level treatments, heat-stressed pigs showed lower average daily gain (ADG), feed intake, digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, and crude fiber in phases 1 and 2. Moreover, higher concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) in feces were shown in pigs fed high fiber diets. There was a negative interaction between dietary fiber and energy for the fecal concentration of isobutyrate in phase 1 and valerate in phase 2. Pigs in heat stress treatments showed a higher rectal temperature, respiratory rate, hair cortisol, plasma zonulin, and fecal lipocalin-2. Among heat stress treatments, the overall ADG was increased in pigs fed high fiber. Pigs fed high dietary fiber showed a greater concentration of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFA. High fiber treatments decreased plasma zonulin. In conclusion, the inclusion of beet pulp, soluble fiber, at the level of 4% looks necessary in pigs diet during heat stress.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.566-572
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• 1998

The present study examined the effects of excessive dietary protein and energy on growth response to clenbuterol in broilers. The chicks were allocated into 6 groups at 14d old, and used for a $3{\times}2$ factorial experiment. Birds were fed six diets, the control diet containing 21% crude protein (CP) and 3,100 kcal of metabolizable energy ME/kg, a high protein (30% CP) or a high energy (3,500 kcal/ ME/kg) diet, with or without 1 ppm clenbuterol, for 18 d. Clenbuterol feeding markedly decreased (p < 0.05) body weight gain by 23% in the high energy group. Feed intake was also decreased (p < 0.05) by clenbuterol administration across diet treatments. Abdominal fat weight was reduced (p < 0.05) by clenbuterol only when chickens were fed the high energy diet. Clenbuterol increased (p < 0.05) leg muscle weight in the control diet group, but decreased (p < 0.05) it in the high energy group. Muscle protein concentration was increased by 11 % in leg muscle only of the birds at the high energy level. In leg muscle, clenbuterol enhanced the protein/DNA ratio by 18%, except for the high protein group. These results indicate that feeding a diet containing excessive amounts of protein and more energy than normal did not necessarily improve growth response to clenbuterol.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.920-928
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• 2001

Malnutrition is a common problem in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis(HD) and compromised food intake is an important cause. Malnutrition is one of the important factors influencing mortality in chronic HD patients. We investigated the nutritional parameters of 50 Korean HD patients(mean age: 46.9 $\pm$ 10.3y, men : 23, women : 27) by measuring anthropometric and biochemical blood indices and assessing food intake using 24-h recall method. Also we administered two questionnaires, one for assessing nutritional knowledge about renal disease and dietary therapy, the other for measuring dietary habits related to dietary therapy. According to the distribution of BMI, 21.3% of HD patients were underweight. The hematological values of HD patients, such as plasma hemoglobin, hematocrit, and total lymphocyte count were below the normal range. The serum cholesterol levels were 133.2 $\pm$ 30.5mg/dl. HD patients took energy and protein only 77.5% and 83.1%, respectively, of their RDA. There were significantly positive correlations between nutritional knowledge and intake of nutrients, such as energy, fat, cholesterol, iron, potassium, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, and niacin. Also, there was a significantly positive correlation between nutritional knowledge and dietary habits(r = 0.317, p < 0.05). In conclusion, Korean HD patients showed mild malnutrition and suboptimal nutrition intake. It can be postulated that the dietary intake can be increased by nutrition education improving nutritional knowledge and correcting the dietary habits of HD patients.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships of dietary nutrients and serum heavy metals in college women living Choong-Nam area of Korea. The mean age, height, weight, and BMI were 22.9years, 158.74cm, 53.39kg, and 21.71kg/$m^2$ respectively. The mean daily energy intake was 85.9% of RDA for Koreans. The ratio of energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein was 61:23:16. And the daily vitamin A, B$_2$, Ca were 90%, 78%, 60% of RDA for Korea, respectively. The mean serum levels of Pb, Cd, Cr were 0.190, 0.005, 0.025$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, respectively. The serum Cd was significantly different with dietary carbohydrate(p＜0.05). And the serum Cr was significantly different with dietary protein intake(p＜0.05), phosphorus(p＜0.01), potassium(p＜0.05). respectively.