• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.247-252
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• 2016

Cultivated wild ginseng is a widely used dietary supplement and medicinal herb. The aim of this study was to optimize the ginseng using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)- charged aerosol detection (CAD) for ginsenoside analysis. CAD measures the physical property of an analyte and responds to almost all non-volatile species, independent of their nature, spectral properties, or particle size. It has become widely employed in pharmaceutical analysis. The cultivated wild ginseng extracts were analyzed for compositions of ginsenosides Rb1, Rd, Rg1, Rf, Re, and Rh1. The optimal analysis condition was set up from an experiment using a gradient. Ten grams of cultivated wild ginseng were extracted with 95% EtOH 100 ml for 24 hr at 80℃. The contents of the 6six major ginsenosides in the cultivated wild ginseng extract were Rb1 (5.48±0.12 mg/g), Rd (5.33±0.14 mg/g), Rg1 (12.80± 0.05 mg/g), Rf (19.08±0.68 mg/g), Re (19.87±0.05 mg/g), and Rh1 (16.47±0.16 mg/g), respectively. HPLC showed that the protopanaxatriol group (Rg1, Rf, Re, Rh1) had more content than the protopanaxadiol group (Rb1, Rd) in cultivated wild ginseng extract. In summary, the ginsenosides were identified with HPLC-CAD analysis, and their presence and quantity imply the importance of quality control, as well as the pharmacological activity of the ginseng root.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.389-398
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• 2010

Effects of various concentration of yuzu Citrus junos Siebold ex Tanaka in the diets on growth, blood chemistry and disease resistance of olive flounder were determined. Fifteen hundred fish averaging 200~270g were fed on moist pellet containing yuzu at the concentrations of 0%(control), 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% for 3 months. After feeding trial, weight gain of fish fed 2.5% and 5.0% yuza diet was higher than those of fish fed 0% and 7.5% yuza diet but not significant(P>0.05). No differences in hematological and physiological indices of olive flounder were found among the experimental diets except for total cholesterol. Serum lysozyme activity was not significantly different among fish fed experimental diets but bactericidal activity of fish fed 7.5% yuza diet was significantly different from those of fish fed 0, 2.5 and 5% Yuza diets. Survival rates of fish fed 2.5% yuza diet at experimental infection with Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus sp. were higher than those of the other experimental groups but not significant. In conclusion, Dietary inclusion of 2.5~5% yuzu seems to have positive effects for fish health condition and disease resistance.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.147-151
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• 2006

Effects of wild plant extract (Lak) based on Korea traditional prescription on maximal exercise performance and endurance were evaluated using calorie-restriction animal model. In acute forced swimming test with 10% body weight attached to tail, dietary Lak supplementation increased exercise performance endurance by increasing concentrations of ATP and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) under calorie-restriction condition, and decrement of blood lactic acid concentration and increment of muscle ATP content were observed. These results suggest Lak is very effective for decreasing side-effects of obesity therapy using very low calorie diet.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.99-105
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• 1996

Effects of conjugated linoleic acid(CLA), known as an effective anticarcinogen in several aminal models, on the egg production and egg weight of laying hens, and the weight gains of broilers were investigated. CLA was synthesized from corn oil by the alkaline isomerization method and purified by the low-temperature precipitation method. Diets for laying hens and for broilers were synthesized to meet the specification of their NRC standard rationals. Two separated experiments(Experiment I and II) were conducted for laying hens. in experiment I, 45 hens(300 days of age) were divided into 15 hens per treatment group; each hen was housed in wired cage located in a temperature and humidity-controlled house and adopted to the control diet. One week later, each group was subjected to one the four treatment groups for 5 weeks : control, 1.0% CLA, 2.5% CLA and 5.0% CLA diets. Diet and water were ad libitum. The condition of experiment II was the same as that of experiment I except for the addition of 5% corn oil diet and the extension of feeding period to 7 weeks. Egg production, egg weight and feed intake were recorded every week. Forty-five broilers(10day of age) were adopted to the control diet for a week and then switched to the treatment diets for 5 weeks : control, 1.0% CLA, 2.5% CLA, 5% CLA and 5% corn oil, Body weight and feed intake of broilers were measured every week. Diets supplemented with various amounts of CLA enhanced the egg production and increased the egg weight regardless laying hen's age(150 days or 300 days) as compared to control diet. The most effective diet for the egg production and egg weight of young hens(150 days of age) was found to be 1.0% CLA diet, but relatively higher CLA diet(2.5% CLA) was required for old hens (300 day of age) to obtain similar results as seen in younger hens. All hens treated with CLA ate greater amount of feed than control hens. Broilers treated with various amount of CLA ate less feed as compared to control ones, but the body weight gain was greater than the control broilers. These results indicate that CLA enhanced the egg production and agg weight of laying hens, and increased the body weight gain of broilers with less diet consumption.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.99-108
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• 2008

The paleogenetic analysis has become an increasingly important subject of archaeological, anthropological, biological as well as public interest. Recently, scientific research for human skeletal remains was more activated because of increasing awareness of the valuable archaeological information by the ancient DNA analysis. State of preservation of organic remains vary in different soil and burying environmental condition. Almost all available tissue disappear to analysis ancient DNA of bone in acidic soil caused by climate and geological features in Korea. Many preserved human remains excavated in the 'Heogwakmyo'(limelayered tomb of Chosun Dynasty Period) is able to explain through the relationship between burial conditions and bone survival form the burial method and ceremony. Ancient DNA analysis of excavated human bone form ancient tomb requires to remove contaminants such as microorganism's DNA and soil components that affect authentic results. Particularly, contamination control of contemporary human DNA is major serious problem and should verified by criteria of authenticity. In order to understand migration and culture of ancient population, when possible, ancient DNA studies needs to go abreast both radiocarbon and stable isotope studies because the dietary inferences will suggest ancient subsistence and settlement patterns. Also when the paleogenetic research supported with the arts and humanities research such as physical anthropology and archaeology, more valuable ancient genetic information is providing a unique results about evolutionary and population genetics studies to reconstruct the past.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.173-181
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• 1969

Since 1959 ${\beta}-aminoethylphosphonic$ acid was discovered in the living organism, the biosynthesis and biological functions of aminophosphonic acids have been extensively studied. The author designed and carried out this study for 14 weeks to find out the metabolic function of Ethylaminophosphonic acid (AEP) and it's utilization in the living body. Sixty rats, thirty males and thirty females aged $40{\pm}5$ days were divided into two parts, one for alanine supplemented as control group and the other for AEP as experimental group to compare metabolic pathway of ordinary amino acid with that of AEP. Both alamine and AEP group were divived into two subgroups according to the level of supplements, 0.1% and 0.2% of the diet. The major components of the diet in this study were composed of 20% casein, 72% Sugar, 4% fat, 4% salt Mixture, and all kind of Uitamins in adeguate amount. For comparision of biological values between experimental and control group in terms of body weight, uninary nitrogen, creatinine excretion and final orgam weight, there were no statically significant difference in these respects. This meant AEP could be utilized in the body as much as alanine could. Urinary phosphorus excretion was determined by developing the blue color to read on the Spectronic 20. Statistically insignificance in the urinary phosphorus excretion between experimental and control group was observed in spite of the supplementation of phosphorus of AEP for experimental group in the diet. The level of blood phosphorus was higher in experimental group than that in control group this result supported above result. In the analysis of fat and nitrogen contents in the liver, AEP group showed slightly higher than control in both respects. But it was noteworthy 0.2% AEP group in both sex were higher than 0.1% AEP in liver fat content. Histological examinal of internal organs liiver, lung, spleen, heart, kindey, adrenal and sex organs showed no changes in all groups included in this study. The group supplemented higher level of diet. by alanine 0.2% and AEP 0.2% stayed on less body weight gain and lower liver weight. This result could be interpreted that amino acid imbalanced condition was arose in the body.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.273-278
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• 2007

Recently, the demand for the powdered products to process raw grains and vegetables has been expanded, and the growth possibility of their fields(markets) in the future will be highly valued with the westernization of living environment and the change of the dietary life. We have bought and analyzed the 111 products of raw grains and vegetables from the large-sized marts, markets and internet orders from March to October 2006. The rate of moisture content was $1.7{\sim}12.5%$. We also found out that the foods over 10% moisture content was 8 of those samples we bought or collected. Their ash rates were averagely $0.3{\sim}8.6%$. The number of those foods that the alien substances were detected was 2. The tar pigments, artificial sweeteners and sulfur dioxides of components that contained food additives were not detected. Each detection range of Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic of the injurious heavy metals was non-detectable $(nd){\sim}0.55,\;nd{\sim}4.52,\;nd{\sim}0.10mg/kg$, while the average detection content were 0.08, 0.48, 0.01 mg/kg. By investigating the contamination degree of the microflora, we discovered that the number of the aerobic plate count, B. cereus over 1,000 cfu/g and C. perfringens over 100 cfu/g was 36 (32.4%), 9 (8.1%) and zero, and that the whole sanitation condition of the products of powdered raw grains and vegetables circulated in the market was not so good.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.253-267
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• 1998

'Maek(麥)' which means a barley at present is used as a general name of the kinds of 'Maek(麥)' including barley, what, rye, and so on. However 'Maek(麥)' had meant a wheat when the letter of 'Maek(麥)' had been created at the beginning. And gradually 'Maek(麥)' has been used as a word for the both meaning of a wheat and barley, and now a days become a word only for the meaning of a barley. Therefore 'Mo-Maek' should be translated into 'a wheat and barley', although it is translated into only a barley. In Korea, according to 'Nong-ga-wol-ryung(農家月令)' of Ko, Sang-un(高尙顔) in 1619, the vernalization had been utilized practically 300 years earlier than the Western countries. It is based on a concept of the oriental medicine that a 'Maek(麥)' of the spring seedtime, which keeps the only warmth('Won-yeol-ji-ki(溫熱之氣) (陽氣)' during the growth period in spring-summer time, has less vigorous than a 'Maek(麥)' of the autumn seedtime, which keeps the cold, hot, warmth equally 'Yeol-won-yang-han-ji-ki(溫熱凉寒之氣) (陽氣+陰氣)' during the growth period in the four seasons. If a autumn seedtime barley but which is actually not sowed on time in autumn season is sowed in the spring after the treatment of cold condition (陰氣 autumn-winter condition) artificially, it would be avoided from the abnormal phenomenon that a barley could not come to fruition in case of non-treated seed. Thus as a result of this the agricultural productivity has been able to be improved. An barley is recommended as a food for Um-chung-ji-ki(陰淸之氣) to be served as Bo-myung-ji-ju(保命之主) to be Soyangin. And a wheat which is used as an ingredient of bread because of its expanding feature is a suitable food for Ho-san-ji-ki(呼散之氣) to be served as Bo-myung-ji-ju(保命之主)to the Taeumin.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.242-254
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• 2015

Barley is a main food source, along with rice, in our dietary life that is easy to buy and process. It is required to develop a beverage base and barley syrup for desserts in order to raise utilization of barley beyond its present use in Sikhye (sweet fermented rice drink) and Jocheong (grain syrup) production. In pursuit of the goal to increase the usability of barley as an ingredient of processed food, this study examined the optimal preparation conditions of barley mash for barley syrup. In addition, the study prepared a barley syrup using saccharified barley liquid, analyzed quality characteristics, and conducted a sensory evaluation. Saccharified barley liquid(barley mash) was prepared with ratios of adding malt of unhulled barley germinated as 0 g(CON), 10 g(BM10), 20 g(BM20), and 30 g(BM30). The results of measuring pH under the varied conditions of saccharification temperatures from $50^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, and $70^{\circ}C$, as well as time from 1 to 8 hours, treveal that the optimum condition for malt saccharification is $60^{\circ}C$ for 5 hours. By adding oligosaccharides and lemon juice to the saccharified barley liquid at the different ratios of added malt, this study measured quality characteristics(color value, viscosity, pH, sweetness) of barley syrup warmed up for 1 hour. As the result of measuring color in the barley syrup prepared by saccharified barley liquid, higher levels of added malt saw L-value decreased while a-value and b-value both increased. BMs30 showed the highest viscosity of $1,202.67{\pm}3.06$. As for pH, BMs30 was the highest at pH $3.57{\pm}0.02$. The result of the sensory evaluation of barley syrup showed the superior sensory characteristics of BMs20 in terms of color, flavor, sweetness, viscosity and overall quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.615-623
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• 2001

A study of mammary function in relation to glucose metabolism of first lactation Bali cows on grass-legume diets was carried out using 12 primiparous cows (initial BW $263.79{\pm}21.66kg$) for 16 weeks starting immediately post calving. The animals were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatment groups R1, R2, R3 and R4, receiving from the last 2 months of pregnancy onwards, rations based on a mixture of locally available grass and legume feed ad libitum. On a DM basis R1 contained 70% elephant grass (PP, Penicetum purpureum) plus 30% Gliricidia sepia leaves (GS), R2 was 30% PP plus 25% GS supplemented with 55% Hibiscus tilliacius leaves (HT, defaunating effect), R3 and R4 were 22.5% PP+41.25% GS+11.25% HT+25% concentrate, with R4 supplemented with zinc-diacetate. TDN, CP and zinc contents of the diets were 58.2%, 12.05% and 18.3 mg/kg respectively for R1, 65.05%, 16.9% and 25.6 mg/kg respectively for R2, 66.03%, 16.71% and 29.02 mg/kg respectively for R3 and 66.03%, 16.71% and 60.47 mg/kg respectively for R4. Milk production and body weights were monitored, an energy and protein balance trial conducted, overall glucose kinetics parameters assessed, mammary blood flow (MBF) and metabolite arteriovenous differences (${\Delta}AVs$) measured to get uptake data and mammary performance relationships. Parameters of glucose kinetics at peak lactation or during dry condition were not affected by ration quality. Glucose pool size, space of distribution and flux increased by 61.77, 62.26 and 82.08%, respectively, during lactation compared to the dry period. Mean glucose flux of lactating Bali cows was $5.52mg/min.kgBW^{0.807}$ which resembles the range of values of temperate dairy cows. Calculation showed that glucose requirements for maintenance, milk lactose and fat-glycerol synthesis, and the formation of NADPH reached 461.69 g for a yield of 1 kg/d or equal to 320.62 mg/min, which was less than the average glucose flux of lactating Bali cows of 481.35 mg/min. Mammary blood flow (MBF) values ranged from 56 to 83 l/h for the different treatments and the ratio MBF per kg milk produced improved from av. 1540 l/kg for R1 to av. 967 l/kg for R4 treated cows. Mammary glucose uptake ranged from 6.27 to 12.03 g/h or 120 to 140 g/kg milk. Glucose uptake was mass-wise 2 to 4 times the amount secreted as lactose, which indicated values less than the calculated mammary glucose needs and that little lactose was synthesized. The excess glucose taken-up was used for other metabolic processes. Linear relationships between metabolite ${\Delta}AVs$ and arterial blood plasma concentration [A] showed that in Bali cows triglycerides (TG), phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr) have high coefficients of determination, i.e. 0.77, 0.81 and 0.69, respectively. For glucose, the relationship is quadratic with an $R^2$ value of 0.49. It was concluded that lactose synthesis was inadequate, which led to a speculation that milk yield could be improved by increased lactose synthesis.