• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of L-carnitine on the components of serum and liver and the effects on the anti-oxidant system. For this purpose, five experimental groups were setup. For fat source, perilla oil enough with unsaturated fatty acid and beeftallow enough with saturated fatty acid were supplemented together with L-carnitine to the rats. Five experimental groups kept eight Sprague-Dawley rats respectively, They were co group supplemented with basic diet or AIN-93, PO group supplemented with perilla oil, POC group supplemented with perilla oil and L-carnitine, BT group supplemented with beeftallow, and BTC group supplemented with beeftallow and L- carnitine. The results are. 1) Weight gain, food intake and FER were not different significantly among the experimental groups. 2) Significant difference was observed in serum total lipid(P<0.05), serum triglyceride(P<0.05), serum total cholesterol (P<0.05)and serum LDL cholesterol(P<0.05). Serum total lipid and serum triglyceride were significantly low in the groups supplemented with L-carnitine. Serum total cholesterol showed difference with the supplementation of L-carnitine in BTC only. LDL cholesterol showed no significant difference with the supplementation of L-carnatine, but total values of LDL-cholesterol were high in groups supplemented with beeftallow. 3) Total cholesterol in liver was low in POC group with the supplementation of L-carnitine however, there was no difference in BTC group with the supplementation of L-carnitine. In summary, dietary L-carnitine did not influence the weight gain, food intake and food efficiency ratio among the experimental groups, but had an effect of lowering the serum total lipid and triglyceride significantly in both groups which were supplemented with L-carnitine. The effect of lowering of sew total cholesterol with the supplementation of L-carnitine in beeftallow group(BTC) only. The effect of lowering of liver total cholesterol with the supplementation of L-carnitine in perilla oil group(POC) only.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.838-844
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing a fat diet with selenium (Se) and vitamin E on performance of cows, blood antioxidant status and milk fatty acid composition. Sixty-three lactating Holstein cows were randomly divided into seven groups of nine cows each and each group was fed one of the following diets: i) a basal diet (control); ii) a basal diet with 0.15 mg Se/kg DM (LSe); iii) a basal diet with 0.3 mg Se/kg DM (HSe); iv) a basal diet with 5,000 IU/cow d vitamin E (LVE); v) a basal diet with 10,000 IU/cow d vitamin E (HVE); vi) a basal diet with 0.15 mg Se/kg DM and 5,000 IU/cow d vitamin E (LSeVE); vii) a basal diet with 0.3 mg Se/kg DM and 10,000 IU/cow d vitamin E (HSeVE). Milk fat percentage and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) yield in HVE and HSeVE diets increased (p<0.05) compared with the control diet. In milk fat, dietary supplementation of Se tended to increase the proportion of the sum of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and significantly decreased (p<0.05) the proportion of the sum of saturated fatty acids (SFA). In addition, compared with the control, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content was lower and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was higher when fat diets were supplemented with Se. Our data showed that supplementation with Se and/or VE improved these nutrients in blood and milk. The results indicated that fat diets supplemented with Se improved both antioxidant status in blood and fatty acids in milk fat, and fat diets supplemented with vitamin E alleviated milk fat depression. Therefore, the combination of Se and vitamin E caused synergistic effects on the nutritional quality of milk fat and performance of cows fed a fat diet.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.766-775
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• 2011

We investigated the effect of high molecular weight polygamma- glutamic acid (hm ${\gamma}$-PGA) on adiposity and lipid metabolism of rats in the presence of an obesity-inducing diet. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a normal-fat (11.4% kcal fat, NFC) or high-fat (51% kcal fat, HFC) diet. After 5 weeks, half of each diet-fed group was treated with hm ${\gamma}$-PGA (NFP or HFP) for 4 weeks. The HFC group had significantly higher body weight, visceral fat mass, fasting serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and leptin, and lower serum HDL cholesterol level compared with those of the NFC group (p < 0.05). Treatment with hm ${\gamma}$-PGA decreased body weight gain and perirenal fat mass (p<0.05), fasting serum total cholesterol, and mRNA expression of glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), regardless of dietary fat contents (p < 0.01). However, hm ${\gamma}$-PGA increased serum HDL cholesterol in the HFC group (p < 0.05). In vitro, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A (HMGCoA) reductase activity was suppressed by the addition of hm ${\gamma}$-PGA. In agreement with observations in animal study, the supplementation of hm ${\gamma}$-PGA (150 mg/day) to 20 female subjects in an 8-week double-blind, placebocontrolled study resulted in a tendency to decrease total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations. We thus conclude that dietary supplementation of hm ${\gamma}$-PGA may act as a hypocholestrolemic agent, secondary to its inhibitor effect on HMG-CoA reductase, and decrease abdominal adiposity by decreasing hepatic lipogenesis. The present study is an important first step in establishing the effect of hm ${\gamma}$-PGA on cholesterol levels in rats and humans.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.705-710
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• 2013

This study was conducted to determine the effects of three different fat sources and their combination on growth performance, carcass traits and intestinal measurements of broiler chickens reared to 42 d of age. Two hundred day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments with four replicates of 10 chicks based on a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments consisted of 4% added fat from three different sources and their combination as follows: T, diet containing 4% tallow; CO, diet containing 4% canola oil; SFO, diet containing 4% sunflower oil; TCO, diet containing 2% tallow+2% canola oil; TSFO, diet containing 2% tallow+2% sunflower oil. Dietary fat type affected significantly BW and gain as well as feed efficiency in birds fed the TCO diets compared with those fed the other diets. Dietary fat type also modified meat yield, resulting in a higher breast and drumstick yields in the birds fed TCO and TSFO diets, respectively. Most of internal organ relative weights and small intestine measurements were not influenced by dietary treatments, except for the abdominal fat pad weight that was lower in birds fed SFO and for small intestinal length that was influenced by fat source. Results from the current study suggested that the supplementation with a combination of vegetable and animal fat sources in broiler diet supported positively growth performance and carcass parameters.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary red pepper seed oil meal (RPSOM) on the performance and the fat pad content in broiler chicks. feeding trial was conducted with 360 birds broiler chicks for 8 weeks. The levels of dietary RPSOM were 0, 5, 10 and 15% and mixed in diet consisting of corn and soybean meal. Body weight, feed intake, feed conversion and mixed in diet consisting of corn and soybean meal. Body weight, feed intake, feed conversion and viability were not significantly different among treatments. The percentage of abdominal fat and skin color were not significantly differents among treatments. The results of the feeding trial show that RPSOM can be used within 10% in broiler diet.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 2012

Polyphenol-rich grape seeds have a beneficial effect on human health. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of grape seeds on antioxidant activities in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control diet group (C), a high-fat diet group (HF), a 5% grape seed-supplemented control diet group (G), and a 5% grape seed-supplemented high-fat diet group (HG). Dietary supplementation with grape seeds reduced serum concentrations of lipid peroxides compared with those in the C and HF groups. The hepatic level of lipid peroxides decreased significantly in the grape seed groups compared with that in the C and HF groups. Superoxide dismutase activity in the G group increased significantly compared with that in the C group. Catalase activity tended to be higher by feeding grape seeds. The grape seed diet increased glutathione peroxidase activity in the C group. Glutathione-S-transferase activity increased significantly in the G group compared with that in the C group. Hepatic content of total glutathione increased significantly in the HG group but decreased significantly in the HF group. The ratio of reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione increased by feeding the grape seed diet. Total vitamin A concentration was significantly higher in HG group than in other groups. Liver tocopherol content of the G and HG groups was significantly higher than that of the control groups. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with grape seeds is beneficial for suppressing lipid peroxidation in high fat-fed rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.594-602
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• 2021

Purpose: The zinc transporter ZIP7 is known to regulate glucose metabolism in skeletal muscles, and skeletal muscles are known to play a critical role in glycemic control. The present study examines the effects of dietary zinc supplementation on the blood glucose concentration and expression of ZIP7 in skeletal muscle obtained from obese mice fed a high-fat diet (HF). Methods: C57BL/6J male mice were divided into three groups and were administered either a HF (60% of total calories from fat), HF supplemented with zinc (HF+Zn, 60% calories from fat + 300 mg zinc/kg diet), or low-fat diet (CON, 10% calories from fat), for 15 weeks. Results: Compared to CON group mice, the final body weights and adipose tissue weights were significantly increased, while the skeletal muscle weights were significantly decreased in mice belonging to the HF and HF+Zn groups. The HF+Zn group had significantly lower levels of fasting blood glucose concentrations than the HF group. Similarly, zinc supplementation significantly decreased the HF-elevated area under the curve values obtained from the oral glucose tolerance test. Skeletal muscle protein levels of ZIP7 in samples obtained from the HF group were significantly decreased as compared to the CON group. Conversely, the skeletal ZIP7 protein levels in the HF+Zn group were significantly increased as compared to the HF group. Moreover, the protein levels of phosphorylated-AKT and glucose transporter 4 in the skeletal muscle were significantly increased subsequent to zinc supplementation. Conclusion: Our data demonstrates that zinc supplementation up-regulates the skeletal muscle ZIP7 expression, which is associated with improved glucose tolerance in the obesity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.249-254
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to investigate effects of dietary level of CLA and the duration of feeding CLAcontaining diets on reproductive performance in sows and piglet growth rate. Tallow (3% in gestation diet and 5% in lactation diet, respectively) was incorporated as a fat source in control diet, and each 50% (dietary CLA level of 0.75% in gestation diet, and 1.50% in lactation diet, respectively) or 100% (dietary CLA level of 1.50% in gestation diet, and 2.50% in lactation diet, respectively) of tallow was replaced by a commercial CLA preparation containing 50% CLA isomers. Diets containing CLA were fed either from d 15 premating to weaning or d 74 post-mating to weaning. The level of dietary CLA and feeding duration did not affect litter size. High dietary level of CLA, however, decreased piglet weights at birth (p<0.01) and tended to decrease backfat thickness of sows at weaning. Longterm feeding of CLA-containing diets decreased piglet weights at weaning (p<0.05) and backfat thickness of sows at weaning (p<0.05). CLA supplemented in sow diet was transferred to fetus and piglets during pregnancy and nursing period, respectively. CLA contents of femoral muscle of piglets were 2.08 to 2.57 mg per g of fat at birth, and 2.36 to 4.47 mg at 10 days of age in CLA groups, while CLA was not detected in the control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of CLA tended to lower backfat thickness of sow and piglets' weight at birth or weaning, but did not affect total litter size. Dietary CLA was transferred efficiently during prenatal and postnatal periods of time through the placenta and milk, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1625-1632
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• 2009

Four lactating Holstein Friesian crossbred cows, with an average initial weight of 450 kg, 48${\pm}$12 days in milk and initial milk yield of 18 kg/h/d, were randomly arranged according to a 2${\times}$2 factorial arrangement in a 4${\times}$4 in Latin square design with 21-d period to investigate the effects of type of total mixed ration (TMR) and type of whole cottonseed (WCS) on intake, digestibility and milk production. The dietary treatments were i) TMR and WCS supplementation at 0.5 kg/h/d, ii) TMR and cracked WCS (cWCS) supplementation at 0.5 kg/h/d, iii) fermented TMR (FTMR) and WCS supplementation at 0.5 kg/h/d, and iv) FTMR and cWCS supplementation at 0.5 kg/h/d. Voluntary feed intake was 15.9, 15.2, 15.4 and 15.6 kg DM/d in dietary treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF and ADF were not significantly different among dietary treatments. Ruminal pH, $NH_{3}-N$ and volatile fatty acids in the rumen were also not significantly different among type of TMR or type of WCS. Blood urea-N concentration was not significantly different among dietary treatments. Ruminal bacteria population tended to increase but ruminal protozoa population tended to decrease with supplementation of cWCS, but they were not affected by FTMR. Milk yield and 3.5% FCM were not statistically different among treatments (16.6, 16.2, 17.0, 16.3 kg/d and 18.0, 18.6, 19.9 and 19.0 kg/d, respectively). Milk composition was not significantly different among dietary treatments. However, unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat in cows fed FTMR were lower (p<0.05) than in cows fed TMR. In conclusion, fermentation is a conceivable method to improve the quality of TMR for long-time storage and the cracking method is suitable to release the fat from cottonseed for enhancing fatty acid deposition in milk. Thus, the combination of FTMR and cWCS supplementation would be an alternative strategy to improve performance of lactating cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.670-677
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• 2004

Sixteen multiparous Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows in mid-lactation were blocked according to days in milk (DIM) and previous lactation and randomly assigned according to a Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design with four replications to receive four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments consisted of T1: No cassava hay (CH) or stylo 184 hay (SH) supplementation, supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:2 (control), T2: Supplementation of 1 kg of CH/hd/d, supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:2, T3: Supplementation of 1 kg of CH+SH/hd/d, supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:2, T4: Supplementation of 2 kg of CH+SH/hd/d, supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:3. All animals received Ruzi grass from a cut-and-carry system as roughage source. The feeding trial lasted for 9 weeks. The results revealed that DMI of concentrate of supplemented treatments were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those in the control, but there was no significant difference between T2 and T3. There was no significant difference in forage DM intake between the control and supplemented treatments. CP and NDF digestibility of supplemented treatments were significantly (p<0.05) greater than the control and there were no significant differences among supplemented treatments. Milk yield and 3.5% FCM (14.3, 14.5, 14.7 and 14.8; 13.9, 14.3, 14.3 and 14.6 kg/hd/d, respectively) were not significantly different among treatments. Milk protein percentage of supplemented treatments was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control, but there were no significant differences among supplemented treatments. There was no significant difference in milk fat percentage between the control and supplemented treatments. However, milk fat percentage tended to be higher for supplemented animals as compared to the control group. There were also no significant differences in lactose, solids-not-fat and total solids percentages among treatments. Cows in supplemented treatments gave incomes over supplement cost (IOSC) of 2.72, 2.74 and 2.93 US$/hd/d, respectively which were greater than for cows on control treatment. Furthermore, IOSC were greatest for cows in T4 as compared to other treatments. Based on this study it was concluded that, feeding cassava hay solely or in combination with stylo 184 hay as a supplemental protein source could be a potential valuable strategy in small-holder dairy farming systems in the tropics. This strategic supplementation significantly reduced concentrate use, which resulted in improved milk yields and milk quality for the supplemented cows. Moreover, it resulted in higher economical returns through increased productivity and lower ratios of concentrate to milk yield, from 1:2 to 1:3.