• Title/Summary/Keyword: Diesel Exhaust Particles

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Management of Cancer Risk Caused by Motor Vehicle in a Large City (대도시 자동차 배출가스의 발암위해 관리 방안)

  • 김강석
    • Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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    • v.13 no.1_2
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    • pp.27-31
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    • 1998
  • Motor vehicle exhaust is the major cause to the air contamination in Seoul. It includes many toxic chemicals to human health such as aidehyde, PAHs, benzene, xylene, toluene, benzo[a]pyrene, nickel, arsenic and cadmium in gasoline exhaust and formaldehyde, PAHs, 1,3-butadiene, benzene and particulate matter in diesel exhaust. Some chemicals out of them are classified as a human carcinogen. Many large diesel vehicles such as buses and trucks are drivened frequently in Seoul so that the air in Seoul is seriously contaminated by diesel exhaust, especially particulate matter. The amounts of particulate matter from large diesel vehicles may be estimated to be more than 50% of small dust in Seoul. The particles of particulate matter are coated with many toxic chemicals and some of these are considered as a human carcinogen. The cancer risk has to be throughly managed because the population density of Seoul is very high. Government should list hazardous air pollutants in Seoul, assess the exposure of people to toxic pollutants, especially carcinogens and manage human health risk.

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Evaluation of Environmental Mutagens-Complex Mixture in Diesel Exhaust Respirable Particulate Matter

  • Kim, Soung-Ho;Ryu, Byung-Tak;Jang, Hyoung-Seok;Kim, Yun-Hee;Lee, Do-Han;Han, Kyu-Tae;Oh, Seung-Min;Chung, Kyu-Hyuck
    • Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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    • 2003.05a
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    • pp.194-194
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    • 2003
  • The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 1989) has classified whole diesel exhaust as probably carcinogenic to humans. Diesel exhaust particulate matter (DPM) adsorbs different chemical substances including PAHs and nitroarenes. DPM is emphasized because it is a major component of diesel exhaust, it is suspected of contributing to a health hazard. Diesel exhaust is a complex mixture of carbon particles and associated organics and inorganics, and it is not known what fraction or combination of fractions cause the health effects [cancer effects, noncancer effects (respiratory tract irritation/inflammation and changes in lung function)] that have been observed with exposure to diesel exhaust. In order to identify which chemical classes are responsible for the majority of the observed biological activities, we performed a particular biological/chemical analysis. Respirable particulate matter (PM2.5: <2.5mm) was collected from diesel engine exhaust using a high-volume sampler equipped with a cascade impactor. Particulate oganic matter was extracted by the dichloromethane/sonication method and the crude extract was fractionated according to EPA recommended procedure into seven fractions by acid-base partitioning and silica gel column chromatography. We examined genotoxic potentials of diesel exhaust particulate matter using novel genotoxicity tests, which are rapid, simple and sensitive methods for assessing DNA-damage at the DNA and chromosomal level (comet assay, in vitro MN test and Ames test). Higher genotoxic potency was observed in non polar fractions and several PAHs were detected by GC-MS, such as 1,2,5,6 dibenzanthracene, chrysene, 1,2-benzanthracene, phenanthrene and fluoranthene.

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Influence of Aftertreatment System on the Size Distribution of Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter (후처리 장치에 의한 디젤엔진 배출가스의 미세 입자 입경분포 변화)

  • 권순박;김민철;이규원;류정호;엄명도;김종춘;정일룩
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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    • v.7 no.7
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    • pp.113-121
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    • 1999
  • Diesel particulate matter is known to be one of the major harmful emissions produced by diesel engines. Diesel particulates are subject to diesel emission regulations and have lately become the focus in the diesel emission control technology. Thus, the aftertreatment system is adopted at the diesel engine exhaust to reduce the particulate emission. Although this benefit is recognized, it is not clear how the aftertreatment system influences quantitatively the particle size distribution distribution. In this study, the particle size distributions of diesel exhaust were measured using the scanning mobility particle sizer with and without the aftertreatment system. There results showed that the diesel particulate filter and plasm system reduced the number of emitted particles by more than 90% and about 80% respectivley in the particle size range of 20nm∼600nm. On the other hand no significant effect of the diesel oxidation catalyst on the particle number concentration was detected.

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Diesel Exhaust Particles and Airway Inflammation: Effect of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors

  • Lim, Heung-Bin;Lee, Dong-Wook
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.18 no.E2
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    • pp.121-128
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    • 2002
  • This study was carried out to investigate if nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors modulate airway inflammation induced by diesel exhaust particles (DEP). N$\^$G/-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a potent constitutive NOS (cNOS) inhibitor, and aminoguanidine (AG), a selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor, were administered to mice in their drinking water for 7 weeks. Airway inflammation was elicited by the repeated intratracheal administration of DEP. The results showed that macrophages, inflammatory eosinophils and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids by intratracheal DEP instillation were significantly suppressed in the mice treated with two NOS inhibitors toghther with DEP. The suppression of these cells was more effective in AG treated groups than in L -NAME treated groups. NOS inhibitor treatment also reduced interleukin -5 (IL-5 in the BAL fluids and lung homogenates. Additionally, it was found that eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity in the BAL fluids was also decreased by NOS inhibitor treatment. These results suggest that nitric oxide (NO) is produced in airway inflammation by repeated DEP instillation, and that iNOS inhibition as well as cNOS inhibition can play a modulating role in this airway inflammation by DEP.

The Effect of Crude Saponins of Korean Red Ginseng against Airway Inflammation and Airway Hyperresponsiveness Induced by Diesel Exhaust Particles in Mice (생쥐에서 디젤배기가스 입자에 의한 기도염증과 기도 과민성에 미치는 홍삼 조사포닌의 영향)

  • Lim, Heung-Bin;Kim, Seung-Hyung
    • Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.90-96
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    • 2009
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of crude ginseng total saponins (CGS) against airway inflammation (AI) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AH) induced by diesel exhaust particles (DEP) in mice. AI and AH were induced by the intratracheal instillation with 0.1 $mg/m{\ell}$ of DEP suspension once a week for 10 weeks combined with ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization. Mice were also treated orally with 75 $mg/m{\ell}$ of CGS, 5 days a week for 10 weeks. Oral CGS treatment decreased in the level of serum immunoglobulin (IgE) and histamine increased by DEP and OVA, and declined respiratory resistance. It also dropped an enhanced infiltration of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice, and an increased T helper type 2 cell derived cytokine levels such as of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13 and IL-5 in the BALF. However, it did not influence T helper type 1 cytokine such as interferon-gamma in the BALF. These results indicate that CGS may alleviate allergen-related AI and AH in mice and may play an important role in the modulation of asthmatic inflammation.

Antiasthmatic Effects on Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Extracts Against Airway Inflammation and Hyperresponsiveness Induced by Diesel Exhaust Particles with Ovalbumin Sensitization (Ovalbumin과 디젤배기가스 입자로 유도된 기도염증과 기도 과민성에 대한 황금 추출물의 항천식 효과)

  • Lim, Heung-Bin;Kim, Seung-Hyung
    • Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.129-135
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    • 2012
  • The feature of asthma are airway inflammation (AI), reversible airway obstruction, and an increased sensitivity to bronchoconstricting agents, elevated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), excess production of Th2 cytokines, and eosinophil accumulation in the lungs. This study was performed to investigate if oral administration of $Scutellaria$ $baicalensis$ Georgi water extracts (SBG) have the antiasthmatic potential for the treatment of asthma. Asthmatic HI and AHR were induced by systemic sensitization to ovalbumin (OVA) with intratracheal instillation with 0.1 mg/mL of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) suspension once a week for 10 weeks in BALB/c mice. SBG was orally administered with the concentraion of 200 mg/kg 5 days a week for 10 weeks. Long-term SBG treatment suppressed the eosinophil infiltration into airways from blood, the asthmatic AI and AHR by attenuating the production of cytokine IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, histamine and OVA-specific IgE. Our data suggest that SBG has inhibitory effects on AI and AHR in a mouse model of asthma, may act as a potential Th2 cytokine antagonist, and may have a therapeutic effect on allergic asthma.

Effects of Engine Loads on Exhaust Emissions and Particulate Matter with Morphological Characteristics in a Common Rail 4 Cylinder Diesel Engine

  • Roh, Hyun-Gu;Choi, Seuk-Cheun;Lee, Chang-Sik
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.57-66
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of fuel injection strategy and engine load on the structure and emissions characteristics of a DI diesel engine with 1.6L of piston displacement. In order to analyze the particulate matter (PM) and exhaust emissions characteristics in a direct injection diesel engine, the quantity of PM and exhaust emissions (including HC, CO and $NO_X$) were investigated under various injection strategies and engine loads. Two different injection strategies (one pilot/main injection and two pilots/main injection) was investigated under the various engine loads. A thermophoretic sampling method with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to obtain the PM morphology (including primary particles, the size of the agglomerates, the number of agglomerates, the fractal dimension). The quantity of soot gradually increased with increasing engine load at both injection strategies. The primary particles in the PM agglomerates indicate that the average of the primary particle and radius of gyration increased as the engine load increased.

An Experimental Study of Dilution Methods for Preventing Volatile Particle Generation during Measurement of Diesel Particle Number Concentration (디젤 극미세입자 개수 농도 측정시 Volatile Particle 생성을 억제할 수 있는 희석방법에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • Yim, Tae-Ho;Kim, Hong-Suk;Cho, Hyoung-Mun;Lee, Jin-Wook;Jeong, Young-Il;Jeon, Heung-Shin
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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    • v.17 no.5
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    • pp.67-73
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    • 2009
  • Recently, Europe decided to start the regulation of diesel engine nanoparticles because of its well known adverse health effects. The diesel nanoparticles can be classified as solid carbon particles and volatile particles. The volatile particles generates during dilution process by condensation of gas phase volatile compounds such as hydrocarbon. The new nanoparticle regulation considers only solid particles because of difficulty of measurement of volatile particles. The aim of this study is to suggest a proper dilution method that prevent the volatile particle generation. As a result, it is found that the $1^{st}$ dilution air temperature should be above $120^{\circ}C$ in order to prevent volatile particle generation effectively. It is also found that the volatile particles can be removed effectively in the evaporation tube by the increase of evaporation tube temperature. But when exhaust gas is hot enough (>$190^{\circ}C$, in this study) and it is diluted in the first diluter with high temperature air (>$120^{\circ}C$), removal phenomenon of volatile particles by increasing of evaporation tube temperature can not be seen. It means that there are no volatile particles in the diluted exhaust gas. Additionally, dilution ratio is not an important factor for volatile particle generation compared with dilution air temperature or evaporation tube temperature.

Effects of diesel exhaust and it′s particles on respiratory and reproductive Systems in mice

  • Sagai, Masaru
    • Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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    • 1999.10a
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    • pp.289-292
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    • 1999
  • In recent year, there has been a progressive increase in urban air pollution that is Characterized by high concentrations of atmospheric particulate matter (PM10), resulting primarily from increase of automobils, especially diesel engine powered cars. Although the mechanisms of underling respiratory morbidity due to PM10 are not nuclear, it is thought that the fine particles (PM2.5) are of gratest concern to health since they can be breathed most deeply into the lung, where they are likely to be more toxic than the larger particles.(omitted)

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An Analysis of Characteristics of Particulate Matter Exhausted from Diesel Locomotive Engines (디젤기관차 엔진에서 배출되는 입자의 특성분석)

  • 박덕신;김태오;김동술
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.133-143
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    • 2003
  • Numerous evidence have been reported that fine particulate matters can play an important role in threatening human health. Recently concerns on fine particle pollution from various engines may require re-examination of particulate emission standards. The particles emitted by most diesel engines are mainly divided into their size ranges such as Dp< 50 nm and 50 nm< Dp< 1,000 nm. In this work, the number concentration and the size distribution of fine particles emitted from an exhaust manifold of a railroad diesel engine were measured under load test conditions using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). The fine particles observed were within the range of 7 to 304 nm under different load conditions with two different dilution ratios. The fine particles exhibited unique patterns showing bimodal shapes in size distribution.