• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.162-170
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of probiotics and zinc supplements on the mean duration and frequency of acute diarrhea in children aged 6 months to 2 years. Methods: In this clinical trial of infants aged between 6 months and 2 years, eligible patients were divided into 3 groups: Zinc Receiving Group (ZRG), Probiotic Receiving Group (PRG), and a control group receiving supportive care alone. The frequency of diarrhea was evaluated in the test groups during the first 24 hours and 48-72 hours, along with the duration of hospitalization and diarrhea persistence for 3-7 days. Results: Diarrhea persisted for until the third day of admission in 100% of the infants in PRG compared with only 76.1% in ZRG. The relative risk of diarrhea persistence in the PRG was 1.31 times more than in ZRG until the third day. Also, 80% of diarrhea cases in the PRG persisted until the fourth day of admission, compared with 47.8% in the ZRG group, and this value was significant. The relative incidence of diarrhea persistence in the PRG was 36.4 times greater than in the ZRG until the day 4. Also, the percentage of post-treatment complications was 35.5% in the PRG and 2.6% in the ZRG, which was significant. Conclusion: In our study, the effectiveness of zinc at a dose of 20 mg was higher than that of probiotics. The complications associated with zinc supplementation were lower than those of probiotics.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2010

Clostridium difficile 연관 설사증은 항생제 관련 병원 감염 설사에 매우 중요하며, 최근 병원 내 C. difficile 감염 발생률은 계속 증가해왔다. 본 연구에서는 2005년 1월부터 2008년 12월까지 대변 총 1,329 검체를 검사 하여, C. difficile 발생률과 감염 특성을 분석하였다. 전체 1,329 검체 중 독소 A/B검사(EIA)양성 반응을 나타낸 검체는 총283건이었다. 4년간 평균 양성률은 21.2%였으며, 연령 분포에서는 70세 이상에서 가장 높았다. 내시경 소견에서 PMC 57.7%, 정상 소견 19.5%였으며, 조직학적 소견에서는 PMC26.8%, AAC 52.2% 였다. C. difficile 은 PMC 와 관련이 있으나, 내시경 검사 및 조직 검사 소견에서는 정상에서 PMC 까지 다양하게 나타났다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.214-221
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• 2018

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a rapidly emerging infection that may have devastating consequences. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial for management and control. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of C. difficile associated diarrhea among hospitalized patients, and to compare different diagnostic laboratory methods for detection of toxin producing strains in clinical specimens. The study was conducted at a university hospital in Cairo during the period from May 2013 till June 2015. Subjects were under antibiotic therapy and presented with hospital-acquired diarrhea. Four hundred and sixty-five stool specimens were processed by different microbiological methods. C. difficile was recovered in culture in 51 of stool specimens. Of these, 86.3% to 98% were positive for toxin production by 2 different methods. This study showed that antibiotic intake is the major risk factor for development of hospital-acquired diarrhea. We evaluated different microbiological methods for diagnosis of C. difficile. We recommend the use of toxigenic culture as a gold standard for microbiological diagnosis of C. difficile.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.503-510
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• 2009

This study investigated the effects of tannic acid (TA) in the diets for weanling pigs prepared with/without supplemental Fe on performance, hematology, fecal microflora and diarrhea incidence. Limestone and calcium phosphate used in Experiment 1 and 2 were of semi-synthetic and feed-grade quality, respectively; while the trace-mineral premix used in both the experiments was prepared without any added Fe source. In Experiment 1, 108 weaned pigs (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc, initially 6.46 ${\pm}$ 1.04 kg BW) were allotted to 3 treatments including control (diet added with $FeSO_4$ and antibiotic), T1 (diet devoid of $FeSO_4$ and antibiotic) and T2 (T1 diet added with 125 mg/kg TA). Each treatment had 4 replicates with 9 pigs in each pen. Feeding of T1 diet had a negative effect on the performance and plasma Fe status of pigs, while addition of TA to T1 diet resulted in performance of pigs comparable to pigs fed the control diet, reduced diarrhea incidence but had a negative influence on the hematological and plasma Fe indices. Additionally, pigs fed T2 diet had fewer (p<0.05) total anaerobic bacteria, Clostridium spp. and coliforms than pigs fed T1 diet, and greater number of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. in feces when compared with pigs fed control and T1 diets. In Experiment 2, 144 weaned pigs (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc, initially 6.00 ${\pm}$ 1.07 kg BW) were allotted to 4 dietary treatments including control (diet added with $FeSO_4$ and antibiotic) and diets devoid of supplemental Fe added with antibiotic (An), TA and both (AnTA). Each treatment had 4 replicates with 9 pigs in each pen. Addition of An, TA or both to diets devoid of supplemental Fe did not have any effect on performance, blood hematology and plasma Fe but resulted in reduced (p<0.05) diarrhea incidence and lower (p<0.05) fecal coliform population than pigs fed the control diet. These results suggest that TA has a negative influence on blood hematology and plasma Fe status when diets are inadequate in Fe; however, TA reduced diarrhea incidence and might have antimicrobial activity.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.97-102
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• 1986

The prevalence of diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was surveyed on 445 calves in 6 farms which were located in the central part of Korea. The incidence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in calves with diarrhea was investigated by detecting the K99 and F41 antigens from the isolated strains of Escherichia coli The incidence of colibacillosis in calves was 23.3%. Of 238 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from calves with diarrhea, 73 strains(30.6%) were proved possessing the K99 antigen by mannose-resistant hemagglutination(MRHA) using horse red blood cells and 79(33.1%) possessing F41 antigens by MRHA using guinea-pig red blood cells. The minca medium, nutrient broth, tryptic soy broth and brain heart infusion were tested for yield of K99 and F41 pili. The production of pili was greatest in minea medium. The best detachment method of the K99 and F41 pili from the cells was heat treatment for 20 minutes at $60^{\circ}C$ and concentration by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The purified antigens of K99 and F41 were polypeptides with molecular weights of 18,500 and 29,500, respectively by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.459-463
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• 2013

본 연구는 Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum)과 Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)의 합제 (LB)를 이유자돈에 경구 투여하여, 면역반응, 설사발생 그리고 분변 중 균수변화 등에 미치는 효과를 평가하기 위해 수행하였다. 28일령의 이유자돈 100두를 대상으로 군 당 20두씩 5개 군 (NC, 항생제와 LB 무투여; PC, 0.03% chlortetracycline 투여; LB 1, LB 0.5 kg/ton feed; LB 2, LB 1.0 kg/ton feed; LB 3, LB 2.0 kg/ton feed)으로 나누어, 4주 동안 LB를 투여하면서, 1주일 간격으로 분변지수를 산출하여 군별로 기록하였으며, 투여 종료 후, 혈액 및 분변을 채취하여, 혈액시료로부터 IgG와 IFN-${\gamma}$를 분석하였고, 분변시료로부터 lactic acid bacteria (LAB)와 Enterobacteriaceae (ENT)의 수를 확인하였다. LB 투약 2주째부터, LB 2와 LB 3의 설사지수는 NC에 비해 통계적으로 유의성 있게 감소하였으며 (P<0.05), IgG와 IFN-${\gamma}$의 농도도 NC에 비해 통계적으로 유의성 있게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 또한, LB 2와 LB 3의 LAB와 ENT 수는 NC과 PC에 비해 통계적으로 유의성 있게 변화하는 결과를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 이상의 결과로부터, LB는 강력한 항생제 대체제로서 자돈 설사예방에 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.243-248
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• 2001

저자들은 생후 2개월부터 지속되는 만성 설사를 주소로 내원한 환아에서 면역글로불린 정량 검사상 IgA의 결핍과 함께 $IgG_2$ 및 $IgG_4$ 결핍이 동반되어 있고 영아기에 빈번한 설사와 감염을 동반한 증례를 경험하였기에 보고하는 바이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.643-649
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of feeding direct-fed microbials (DFM) on the growth performance and prophylaxis of calf diarrhea during the pre-weaning period as an alternative to antibiotics. A multi-species DFM was formulated including three lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus salivarius Ls29, Pediococcus acidilactia Pa175, and L. plantarum Lp177), three Bacillus strains (B. subtilis T4, B. polymyxa T1 and SM2), one yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii, and a nonpathogenic E. coli Nissle 1917. Lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus strains were selected based on the antibacterial activity against various animal pathogens, especially pathogenic E. coli using agar diffusion methods in vitro. Test and control groups were fed milk replacer and calf starter supplemented with DFM ($10^9$ cfu each of eight species/d/head, n = 29) or with antibiotics (0.1% neomycin sulfate in milk replacer and Colistin 0.08% and Oxyneo 110/110 0.1% in calf starter, n = 15), respectively. Overall fecal score and the incidence rate of diarrhea were reduced in the DFM group compared to the antibiotics one. About 40% of calves in antibiotic group suffered from diarrhea while in DFM group only 14% showed diarrhea. There was no difference in the average daily gain and feed efficiency of two groups. The hematological levels of calves were all within the normal range with no significant difference. In conclusion, the feeding of multispecies DFM during the pre-weaning period could reduce calf diarrhea and there was no difference in the growth performance between the groups, thus showing the potential as an alternative to antibiotics.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.809-816
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• 1997

In this presented study, we established a method for diagnosis of porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED) by in situ hybridization(ISH), which made distinct progress in diagnostic pathology. We also carried out the retrospective diagnosis through ISH to assume the exact time of the first outbreak and incidence of PED in Korea. The outbreak of PED in Korea reported in 1992. However, since the end of 1980's, some researches of pig-industry have already suspected the outbreak of PED, not transmissible gastroenteritis(TGE). In this experiment, we performed the ISH using 80 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues of porcine intestine which were requests for pathological diagnosis from 63 farms whose primary sign was diarrhea from 1984 to 1991. We prepared biotinylated cDNA probe(492base pairs) for ISH by nick translation method and carried out the ISH, using $Microprobe^{TM}$ capillary action system(Fisher $Biotech^R$). We detected PED virus in intestinal mucosa of 2 cases in 1992, 1 case in 1988, and 1 case in 1987. As a result, we assume that the outbreak of PED in Korea have already started since 1987.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.189-194
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• 2000

Microorganisms causing bovine mastitis, swine diarrhea and swine pneumonia were isolated from farms in Chungbuk and Kyunggi Province and the isolates were identified using microbial identification system(MIS). The most common isolates from bovine mastitis were Staphylococcus sp.,Streptococcus sp., and Corynebacterium sp., those from swine diarrhea were Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., and Clostridium perfringens, those from swine pneumonia were Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida. Examination of 16 antibiotics against these pathogens revealed that the incidence of antibiotic-resistant microoganisms were very high and that many of these isolates had multiple resistance to various commercially available antibiotics such as penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, streptomycin, norfloxacin, and tetracycline. These results suggest that the use of antibiotics in a farm should be controlled in order to decrease the number of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms were very high and that many of these isolates had multiple resistance to various commercially available antibiotics such as penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, streptomycin, norfloxacin, and tetracycline. These results suggest that the use of antibiotics in a farm should be controlled in order to decrease the number of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.