Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.10322

Effect of Feeding Direct-fed Microbial as an Alternative to Antibiotics for the Prophylaxis of Calf Diarrhea in Holstein Calves  

Kim, Min-Kook (Laboratory of Animal Cell Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University)
Lee, Hong-Gu (Department of Animal Science and PNU-Special Animal Biotechnology Center, Pusan National University)
Park, Jeong-Ah (Laboratory of Animal Cell Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University)
Kang, Sang-Kee (Laboratory of Animal Cell Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University)
Choi, Yun-Jaie (Laboratory of Animal Cell Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University)
Publication Information
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences / v.24, no.5, 2011 , pp. 643-649 More about this Journal
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of feeding direct-fed microbials (DFM) on the growth performance and prophylaxis of calf diarrhea during the pre-weaning period as an alternative to antibiotics. A multi-species DFM was formulated including three lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus salivarius Ls29, Pediococcus acidilactia Pa175, and L. plantarum Lp177), three Bacillus strains (B. subtilis T4, B. polymyxa T1 and SM2), one yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii, and a nonpathogenic E. coli Nissle 1917. Lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus strains were selected based on the antibacterial activity against various animal pathogens, especially pathogenic E. coli using agar diffusion methods in vitro. Test and control groups were fed milk replacer and calf starter supplemented with DFM ($10^9$ cfu each of eight species/d/head, n = 29) or with antibiotics (0.1% neomycin sulfate in milk replacer and Colistin 0.08% and Oxyneo 110/110 0.1% in calf starter, n = 15), respectively. Overall fecal score and the incidence rate of diarrhea were reduced in the DFM group compared to the antibiotics one. About 40% of calves in antibiotic group suffered from diarrhea while in DFM group only 14% showed diarrhea. There was no difference in the average daily gain and feed efficiency of two groups. The hematological levels of calves were all within the normal range with no significant difference. In conclusion, the feeding of multispecies DFM during the pre-weaning period could reduce calf diarrhea and there was no difference in the growth performance between the groups, thus showing the potential as an alternative to antibiotics.
Keywords
Holstein Neonatal Calves; Calf Diarrhea; Antibiotic; Multi-species Direct-fed Microbial;
Citations & Related Records

Times Cited By Web Of Science : 0  (Related Records In Web of Science)
Times Cited By SCOPUS : 0
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Underdown, B. J. 1986. Immunoglobulin A, strategic defense initiative at the mucosal surface. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 4:389-417.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Vanderhoof, J. A. and R. J. Young. 2002. Probiotics in pediatrics. Pediatrics 109:956-958.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 von Buenau, R., L. Jaekel, E. Schubotz, S. Schwarz, T. Stroff and M. Krueger. 2005. Escherichia coli strain nissle 1917: Significant Reduction of Neonatal Calf Diarrhea. J. Dairy Sci. 88:317-323.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Wittum, T. E. and L. J. Perino. 1995. Passive immune status at postpartum hour 24 and long-term health and performance of calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 56:1149-1154.
5 Yoon, I. K. and M. D. Stern. 1995. Influence of direct-fed microbials on ruminal microbial fermentation and performance of ruminants: A review. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 8:533-555.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Yun, J. H., K. B. Lee, Y. K. Sung, E. B. Kim, H. G. Lee and Y. J. Choi. 2009. Isolation and characterization of potential probiotic lactobacilli from pig feces. J. Basic Microbiol. 49:220-226.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Zwald, A. G., P. L. Ruegg, J. B. Kaneene, L. D. Warnick, S. J. Wells, C. Fossler and L. W. Halbert. 2004. Management practices and reported antimicrobial usage on conventional and organic dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci. 87:191-201.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Morrill, J. L., A. D. Dayton and R. Mickelson. 1977. Cultured milk and antibiotics for young calves. J. Dairy Sci. 60:1105-1109.   DOI
9 Morrill, J. L., J. M. Morrill, A. M. Feyerham and J. F. Laster. 1995. Plasma protein and probiotics as ingredients in milk replacer. J. Dairy Sci. 78:902-907.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 NAHMS. 1993. Transfer of maternal immunity to calves. USDA:APHIS:VS, Fort Collins, Co.
11 Nowroozi, J., M. Mirzaii and M. Norouzi. 2004. Study of Lactobacillus as probiotic bacteria. Iranian J. Publ. Health. 33:1-7.
12 Pollman, D. S., D. M. Danielson and W. B. Wren. 1980. Influence of Lactobacillus acidophilus inoculum on gnotobiotic and conventional pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 51:629-637.
13 Ratcliffe, B., C. B. Cole, R. Fuller and M. J. Newport. 1986. The effect of yoghurt and milk fermented with a strain of Lactobacillus reuteri on the performance and gastrointestinal flora of pigs weaned at two days of age. Food Microbiol. 3:203-211.   DOI
14 Salminen, S., M. A. Deighton, Y. Benno and S. L. Gorbach. 1998. Lactic acid bacteria in health and disease. In: Lactic Acid Bacteria: Microbiology and Functional Aspects (Ed. S. Salminen). Marcel Dekker Pubishers, New York, pp. 211-253.
15 Savage, D. C. 1977. Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 31:107-133.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Scharek, L., J. Guth, K. Reiter, K. D. Weyrauch, D. Taras, P. Schwerk, M. F. G. Schmidt, L. H. Wieler and K. Tedin. 2005. Influence of a probiotic Enterococcus faecium on development of the immune system of sows and piglets. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 105:151-161.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Tannock, G. W. 1983. Effect of dietary and environmental stress on the gastrointestinal microbiota. Human Intestinal Microflora in Health and Disease (Ed. D. Hentges). Academic Press, New York, pp. 517-539.
18 Krehbiel, C. R., S. R. Rust, G. Zhang and S. E. Gilliland. 2003. Bacterial direct-fed microbials in ruminant diets: Performance response and mode of action. J. Anim. Sci. 81:120-132.
19 Knowles, T. G., J. E. Edwards, K. J. Bazeley, S. N. Brown, A. Butterworth and P. D. Warriss. 2000. Changes in the blood biochemical and haematological profile of neonatal calves with age. Vet. Rec. 147:593-598.   DOI
20 Krehbiel, C. R., B. A. Berry, J. M. Reeves, D. R. Gill, R. A. Smith, D. L. Step, W. T. Choat and R. L. Ball. 2001. Effects of feed additives fed to sale barn-origin calves during the receiving period: Animal performance, health and medical costs. Okla. Agr. Exp. Stn. Available: http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/research/2001rr/27/27.htm
21 Kuzela, L., M. Kascak and A. Vavrecka. 2001. Induction and maintenance of remission with nonpathogenic Escherichia coli in patients with pouchitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96:3218-3219.   DOI
22 La Ragione, R. M., G. Casula, S. M. Cutting and M. J. Woodward. 2001. Bacillus subtilis spores competitively exclude Escherichia coli O78:K80 in poultry. Vet. Microbiol. 79:133-142.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Larson, L. L., F. G. Owens, J. L. Albright, R. D. Appleman, R. C. Lamb and L. D. Muller. 1977. Guidelines toward more uniformity in measuring and reporting calf experimental data. J. Dairy Sci. 60:989-991.   DOI
24 Lorenz, A. and J. Schulze. 1996. Establishment of E. coli Nissle 1917 and its interaction with Candida albicans in gnotobiotic rats. Mikrookologie und Therapie. 24:45-51.
25 Maeng, W. J., C. W. Kim and H. T. Shin. 1987. Effect of a lactic acid bacteria concentrate (Streptococcus faecium Cernelle 68) on growth rate and scouring prevention in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 9:204-210.
26 Cremonini, F., S. Di Caro, L. Santarelli, M. Gabrielli, M. Candelli, E. C. Nista, A. Lupascu, G. Gasbarrini and A. Gasbarrini. 2002. Probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Dig. Liver Dis. 34:78-80.
27 Miles, R. D. and S. M. Bootwalla. 1991. Direct-fed microbials in avian. In Direct-Fed Microbials in Animal Production: A Review of Literature. Nat. Feed Ingred. Assoc., West Des Moines, IA, p. 117.
28 Besser, T. E. and C. C. Gay. 1994. The importance of colostrum to the health of the neonatal calf. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 10:107-117.
29 Contrable, P. D. 2004. Antimicrobial use in the treatment of calf diarrhea. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 18:8-17.   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Ellinger, D. K., L. D. Muller and P. J. Glantz. 1978. Influence of feeding fermented colostrum and Lactobacillus acidophilus on fecal flora and selected blood parameters of young dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 61:126.
31 Fey, P. D., T. J. Safranek, M. E. Rupp, E. F. Dunne, E. Ribot, P. C. Iwen, P. A. Bradford, F. J. Angulo and S. H. Hinrichs. 2000. Ceftriaxone-resistant salmonella infection acquired by a child from cattle. N. Engl. J. Med. 342:1242-1249.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Fox, S. M. 1988. Probiotics intestinal inoculants for production animals. Vet. Med. 83:806-830.
33 Fukushima, Y., Y. Kawata, H. Hara, A. Terada and T. Mitsuoka. 1998. Effect of a probiotic formula on intestinal immunoglobulin A production in healthy children. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 42:39-44.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Fuller, R. 1981. Probiotics in human medicine. Gut. 32:439-451.
35 Gill, D. R., R. A. Smith and R. L. Ball. 1987. The effect of probiotic feeding on health and performance of newly-arrived stocker calves. Okla. Agr. Exp. Stn. MP-119, 202-204.
36 Aschbacher, P. W. and V. J. Feil. 1994. Neomycin metabolism in calves. J. Anim. Sci. 72:683-689.
37 Heinrichs, A. J., C. M. Jones, J. A. Elizondo-Salazar and S. J. Terrill. 2009. Effects of a prebiotic supplement on health of neonatal dairy calves. Livest. Sci. 125:149-154.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Jenny, B. F., H. J. Vandijk and J. A. Collins. 1991. Performance and fecal flora of calves fed a Bacillus subtilis concentrate. J. Dairy Sci. 74:1968-1973.   DOI
39 Abu-Tarboush, H. M., M. Y. Al-Saiady and A. H. Keir El-Din. 1996. Evaluation of diet containing lactobacilli on performance, fecal coliform, and lactobacilli of young dairy calves. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 57:39-49.   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Amabile-Cuevas, C., M. Cardenas-Garcia and M. Ludgar. 1995. Antibiotic resistance. Am. Sci. 83:320-329.
41 Bechman, T. J., J. V. Chambers and M. D. Cunningham. 1977. Influence of Lactobacillus acidophilus on performance of young dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 60:74.