• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.1 s.41
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• pp.71-87
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• 2005

4 royal palaces are currently remained from capital city (Seoul) of 'Cho-Sun(朝鮮)' period. In these palaces, 'Main hall of Royal Palace(正殿)' is the center of the Royal Palaces. The 'Main hall of Royal Palace' of the Royal Palace was the best building of that time. Therefore there were many studies about the 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. But these studies were individual studies of these 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. Therefore, this study is to analyze and compare 4 'Main hall of Royal Palace' of the Royal palaces. It is to study the proportion regarding the Diameter of the pillar, the Height, the pillar and pillar Interval's Distance, and the arrangement of 'Kong-Po(bracket sets)'. With these studies, it is to prove that the 'Main hall of Royal Palace' is the building which high construction technique of this time is expressed. Result of this study is as followings; First, the proportion of pillar height(H) to its diameter(D) average from H=8.0 to 8.5D. Only the Myeong-Jeong-Jeon omitted the 'Go-Ju(高柱)' in the 'Toi-Kan (退間)' to place Ea-Jwa(御座). Second, Second, the proportion of diameter of the pillar of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju(外部平柱)' and 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju(內陣高柱)' average D1(Diameter of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju') =0.91D2 (Diameter of 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju'). In regards to the height, the single floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' and double floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' seems to be different. The height proportion of the double floor 'Main hall of royal palace' is H1(Height of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju')=0.34H2(Height of 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju') and single floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' has a proportion of H1=0.62H2. Third, in Geun-Jeong-Jeon, with the proportion of height and diameter of the pillar, interval's distance between pillars and diameter, the pillar interval distance and height, of 'Ea-kan(御間)' from the 'Toi-Kan' is different from 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. This is because the structure of 'Toi-Kan' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon is not stable. In order to reinforce this, 'Gui-Go-Ju(隅高柱)' of the Geun-Jeong-Jeon jut out $4{\sim}7%$ more compared to In-Jeong-Jeon. Fourth, when comparing double floor 'Main hall of royal palace' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon and In-Jeong-Jeon, based on distance of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju' and 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju' of lower level, the 'Sang-Bu-Pyeong-Ju(上部平柱)' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon jut out $4{\sim}7%$ more compared to the In-Jeong-Jeon and also It becomes thicker. Fifth, the arrangement of 'Kong-Po' on the front row of 'Gan(間)' had to do with the change of side 'Gan'. Even though the Geun-Jeong-Jeon and the In-Jeong-Jeon were double floors, the arrangement of the 'Kong-Po' is different because the number of side bay is different.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.107-107
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• 2009

Micro pillar structure was investigated for the energy havesting applications. The micro pillar structures were investigated to find proper size of pillars. In this experiments, the aspect ratio between the height and diameter were changed to extract maximum peizoelectric coefficient. We proposed the idea and model for the energy harvesting systems based on the micro-pillar structure.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.824-831
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• 2008

We present a continuous size-dependent particle separator using a negative dielectrophoretic (DEP) virtual pillar array. Two major problems in the previous size-dependent particle separators include the particle clogging in the mechanical sieving structures and the fixed range of separable particle sizes. The present particle separator uses the virtual pillar array generated by negative DEP force instead of the mechanical pillar array, thus eliminating the clogging problems. It is also possible to adjust the size of separable particles since the size of virtual pillars is a function of a particle diameter and applied voltage. At an applied voltage of 500 kHz $10\;V_{rms}$ (root mean sqaure voltage) sinusidal wave and a flow rate of $0.40\;{\mu}l\;min^{-1}$, we separate $5.7\;{\mu}m$-, $8.0\;{\mu}m$-, $10.5\;{\mu}m$-, and $11.9\;{\mu}m$-diameter polystyrene (PS) beads with separation purity of 95%, 92%, 50%, and 63%, respectively. The $10.5\;{\mu}m$- and $11.9\;{\mu}m$-diameter PS beads have relatively low separation purity of 50% and 63%. However, at an applied voltage of $8\;V_{rms}$, we separate $11.9\;{\mu}m$-diameter PS beads with separation purity over 99%. Therefore, the present particle separator achieves clog-free size-dependent particle separation, which is capable of size tuning of separable particles.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.601-604
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• 2010

In this study, the piezoelectric energy harvester was investigated employing the pillar structure with the diameter size of 50~500 um. Usually, the aspect ratio between the height and diameter was related with the piezoelectric performance. High aspect ratio was showed the low electric noise and high piezoelectric properties than low aspect ratio. Therefore, we have selected the Su-8 photo-resist and modified lithography process to manufacture the pillar structure with height above the 250 ${\mu}m$. In this presentation, we will report the process and properties of micro pillar structure based on the PMN-PZT (Pb$(Mg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3$-PbZrTiO$_3$) materials.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 2017

This paper presents a Technology-CAD (TCAD) simulation of the characteristics of crystalline Si pillar array solar cells. The junction depth and the surface concentration of the solar cells were optimized to obtain the targeted sheet resistance of the emitter region. The diffusion model was determined by calibrating the emitter doping profile of the microscale silicon pillars. The dimension parameters determining the pillar shape, such as width, height, and spacing were varied within a simulation window from ${\sim}2{\mu}m$ to $5{\mu}m$. The simulation showed that increasing pillar width (or diameter) and spacing resulted in the decrease of current density due to surface area loss, light trapping loss, and high reflectance. Although increasing pillar height might improve the chances of light trapping, the recombination loss due to the increase in the carrier's transfer length canceled out the positive effect to the photo-generation component of the current. The silicon pillars were experimentally formed by photoresist patterning and electroless etching. The laboratory results of a fabricated Si pillar solar cell showed the efficiency and the fill factor to be close to the simulation results.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.346-355
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• 2019

When evaluating pillar stability in very closely spaced tunnels, a local safety factor (strength/stress ratio) at the minimum width has been widely used. Tension bolts have been frequently applied as reinforcement for the cases where safety factors are less than 1.0 from FEM stress analysis. However, the local safety factor shows a constant value irrespective of the change in pillar width/tunnel diameter (PW/D) and the safety factor of the pillar is underestimated because the variation of deviation stress is relatively small even when the pre-stressing is applied to the tension bolt. In addition, the average safety factor proposed by Hoek and Brown(1980) was reviewed, but the pillar safety factor was relatively overestimated when the width of the pillar was increased. As an alternative, the SRM safety factor using shear strength reduction method shows the effect of changing the safety factor in the case of no reinforcement and tension bolt reinforcement as the pillar width/tunnel diameter(PW/D) changes. The failure shape is also similar to the previous limit theory result. In this study, the safety factor was evaluated without considering rock bolt and shotcrete to distinguish reinforcing effect of tension bolt.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.15-23
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• 2009

This research area is a greate section of triple tunnels that passes through the fault fractured zone the in the granite area. In this area, tunnel section, pillar width and overburden height are changed consecutively due to declivity of 1 : 4.5 and slope formation of upper part as changed section. That is, stability estimation for each section varying pillar width can be conducted because tunnel diameter changes gradually from 0.5D to 1.0D according to distance of pillar width. We have estimated the stability of pillar width in triple tunnels with monitoring value, and compared the stability with results of numerical analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.286-289
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• 2012

In this paper, we have proposed piezoelectric energy harvester employing the pillar structure with the diameter size of 500 um. So we have selected the Su-8 photo-resist and modified lithography process to manufacture the pillar structure with height above the $500{\mu}m$. Simultaneously, we tried to make a comparative study to use ceramic bulk - polymer structure In this paper, we will report the process and properties of micro pillar structure based on the PMN-PZT ($Pb(Mg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3-PbZrTiO_3$) materials. Finally, We will propose a method for generating electrical energy with a piezoelectric element using vibration, an energy source can be obtained from the "clean" energy.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.9-15
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• 2009

Compared to the flip-chip process using solder bumps, Cu pillar bump technology can accomplish much finer pitch without compromising stand-off height. Flip-chip process with Cu pillar bumps can also be utilized in radio-frequency packages where large gap between a chip and a substrate as well as fine pitch interconnection is required. In this study, Cu pillars with and without Sn caps were electrodeposited and flip-chip-bonded together to form the Cu-Sn-Cu sandwiched joints. Contact resistances and die shear forces of the Cu-Sn-Cu sandwiched joints were evaluated with variation of the height of the Sn cap electrodeposited on the Cu pillar bump. The Cu-Sn-Cu sandwiched joints, formed with Cu pillar bumps of $25-{\mu}m$ diameter and $20-{\mu}m$ height, exhibited the gap distance of $44{\mu}m$ between the chip and the substrate and the average contact resistance of $14\;m{\Omega}$/bump without depending on the Sn cap height between 10 to $25\;{\mu}m$.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.71 no.1
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• pp.77-87
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• 2019

In this paper, the interaction between two neighboring tunnel has been investigated using PFC2D. For this purpose, firstly calibration of PFC was performed using Brazilian experimental test. Secondly, various configuration of two neighboring tunnel was prepared and tested by biaxial test. The maximum and minimum principle stresses were 0.2 and 30 MPa respectively. The modeling results show that in most cases, the tensile cracks are dominant mode of cracks that occurred in the model. With increasing the diameter of internal circle, number of cracks decreases in rock pillar also number of total cracks decreases in the model. The rock pillar was heavily broken when its width was too small. In fixed quarter size of tunnel, the crack initiation stress decreases with increasing the central tunnel diameter. In fixed central tunnel size, the crack initiation stress decreases with increasing the quarter size of tunnel.