• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.381-390
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• 2017

The aim of this study is to develop a teamwork self-assessment tool for Korean nursing students (K-self assessment of teamwork) to evaluate the effects of simulation education, and to test the validity of the tool. As the research method, data were collected from 185 third- and fourth-year nursing students who had completed emergency simulation practice courses while attending nursing schools at two universities in K region. The collected data were analyzed using such statistical programs as SPSS/WIN 22.0 and AMOS 17.0. A test of the construct validity was conducted using confirmatory factor analysis and explanatory factor analysis. To test the criterion validity of the K-self assessment of teamwork, its correlation with the Mayo High Performance Teamwork Scale (MHPTS) was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficients. In addition, of the reliability items, the internal consistency was tested using Chronbach's ${\alpha}$. The results of the study are as follows: The construct validity was demonstrated through the confirmatory factor analysis and explanatory factor analysis. As regards the test of reliability, there was one item for which the reliability of its validity was increased to .937 when a (single/particular) question was removed. However, in the end, no questions were removed, because the correlation coefficient between the questions and the total score was greater than .4. The overall reliability of the K-self assessment tool of teamwork was found to be .934, confirming its reliability. The translated version of the K-self assessment of teamwork developed in this study was also demonstrated to be applicable to domestic settings, in which the teamwork of nursing students can be assessed during simulation education. The results of the use of this tool in the future will be used to assess the effects of simulation education at nursing colleges, and will become the basis of various types of educational programs aimed at improving teamwork in emergency situations.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.481-487
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• 2013

Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the visual reactions of users when they are playing games of different flow levels, and to explore the visual variables that can sensitively reflect the different flow levels. Background: The flow is defined as a psychological state where interface users feel their actions in a virtual setting identical to those in real environment. To measure the flow states of users, the questionnaire-based FSS(Flow State Scale) has mostly been used. However, this method is a qualitative test that has limits in terms of the accuracy of users' flow experiences. Therefore, more accurate methods to measure users' flow experiences are required. Method: Ten subjects participated in the experiment, where the independent variables were three games with different flow levels(puzzle games, dot drawing and coloring) and the time frame(the first and last 10 seconds in game playing), whereas the dependent variables included the pupil size and the frequency and duration of eye blinking. This study was a within-subject design. Each participant performed three types of games with different flow levels 3 times for each for 10 minutes, and their visual reactions to each game were measured. Results: The higher the flow cause the bigger pupil size(p<0.01) and the lower eye blinking frequency(p<0.1), indicating that different types of games lead to different flow levels. The pupil size during the last 10 seconds when the flow level was higher was bigger by 2.1% compared with that during the first 10 seconds in game playing(p<0.1), and the eye blinking frequency decreased by 12%(p<0.01). Conclusion: It was found out that the pupil size and the frequency and duration of eye blinking were psychophysiological indices for evaluating users' flow experiences, which could quantify the flow states users go through. The psychophysiological variables capable of measuring diverse aspects of the flow need diversifying to be applicable to precise measurement of the flow. Application: These studies are warranted for both quantitative analysis of flow levels and qualitative improvement of cyber leisure in line with development of healthy games.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.506-522
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• 1998

Visitors to Naesorak in Soraksan National Park were surveyed from July to December. During this time, 452 visitors were contacted. Of those individuals, 57.08% were males, 30.97% of respondents reported that they had gone beyond highschool, and almost one-half(49.12%) had gone as for as college, 40.93% were 10\cdot 20 years of age. The purpose of this is to suggest objective basic data for the use development and conservation management of the national park through the quantitative analysis of the visual quality included in the physical environment of the Naesorak in Soraksan National Park, for this, spatial images strusture of physical elements have been analyzed by factor analysis algorithm and degree of visual quality have been measured mainly by questionnaries. Result of this thesis can be summarized as follows. Factors covering the spatial image of the Naesorak in Soraksan National Park landscape have been found to be the overall spatial, potentiality, synthetic evaluation, physical and natural quality factors. As for the factors determining the degree of visual quality of clear of valley, peculiarity of configuration, natural of trail, harmony of suitable artificial planting and temple.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.107-120
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and basis of rehabilitation intervention in patients with spinal cord injury by systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Methods : Two researchers independently searched and selected a study published in an academic journal using a search term in an international thesis database. A total of 21 studies met the selection criteria, and qualitative evaluation of the study was conducted using the PEDro Scale. Meta-analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0 program. Results : A total of 713 subjects were included. The results of the meta-analysis showed a score of 0.406 (95.0% confidence interval: 0.221 ~ 0.591) for intervention using physical activity and 0.505 (95.0% confidence interval: 0.449 ~ 1.528) for electronic stimulation therapy, which showed medium effect; educational intervention had a 0.248 (95.0% confidence interval: 0.033 ~ 0.464), and mixed intervention 0.280 (95.0% confidence interval: 0.122 ~ 0.438). It was shown that the effect of small (small). There was a significant heterogeneity in the statistical heterogeneity test, and thus the random effects model was selected and analyzed. Conclusion : The results showed that rehabilitation interventions were effective for patients with spinal cord injury. During the rehabilitation of spinal cord injury patients, clinicians are expected to contribute to the development of programs to improve their lifestyles.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.71-81
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• 2005

Anaerobic digestion is employed worldwide as the oldest and most important process for sludge stabilization. An additional advantage is the production of methane during anaerobic digestion. However, the waste activated sludge(WAS) has poor anaerobic degradability and less gas production due to the cell wall of bio-solid. In order to improve and enhance stabilization and dewatering of the WAS, a number of pretreatment processes have been developed and investigated. In this research, a pilot-scale study of pulse power pretreatment was performed to improve anaerobic degradability and dewaterability of the WAS. A pilot plant was designed and operated based on a previous laboratory study. Change of the sludge characteristics by pulse power pretreatment was estimated to assess the increasing soluble organics. The increased soluble organics could be used as a good substrate in the anaerobic digesion process. Gas production and methane potential of the anaerobic digestion were estimated as the parameters of anaerobic degradability. For evaluation of the dewaterability of pretreated WAS, capillary suction time(CST) and specific resistance were measured. The efficiency of energy recovery was also estimated by calculating energy balance.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.95-106
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• 2016

Water Management Resilience Index (WMRI) was developed as a policy measure of adaptability to withstand water stresses and to set up water management strategies mainly in mid-small scale tributaries, and then evaluated on 117 sub-basins in South Korea. The index consists of 3 sub-indices such as vulnerability, robustness and redundancy sub-indices, each including indicators of 3 sectors: water use, flood mitigation, and river environment. Total number of indicators selected for the index was 31. Taking into account the stream order and control capability of river flow discharge, sub-basins were categorized into 3: 1 for mainstreams of lower large dams, 2 and 3 for tributaries, respectively without and with flow discharge regulation. As a result of the evaluation, resilience index scores in Category 2 and 3 are much lower than that of Category 1, especially with very poor score of redundancy. Although there was no significant difference between mainstream and tributaries in vulnerability and robustness sub-indices, results of redundancy sub-index in tributaries were lower than those in mainstream. Thus, it is conceived that the variety of water management schemes should be considered to improve their resilience in the face of future uncertainty. Addressing comprehensive stability of river basin against internal and external impacts, WMRI in this study can also be used for the prioritization of water management plans.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.47-62
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• 1994

It has been well known that the rainfall-triggered rise of groundwater levels is one of the most important factors resulting the instability of the hillside slopes. Thus, the prediction of porewater pressure is an essential step in the evaluation of landslide hazard. This study involves the development and verification of numerical groundwater flow model for the prediction of groundwater flow fluctuations accounting for both of unsatu나toed flow and saturated flow on steep hillside slopes. The first part of this study is to develop a nomerical groundwater flow model. The numerical technique chosen for this study is the finitro element method in combination with the finite difference method. The finite element method is used to transform the space derivatives and the finite difference method is used to discretize the time domain. The second part of this study is to estimate the unknown model parameters used in the proposed numerical model. There were three parameters to be estimated from input -output record $K_e$, $\psi_e$, b. The Maximum -A-Posteriori(MAP) optimization method is utilized for this purpose, . The developed model is applied to a site in Korea where two debris avalanches of large scale and many landslides of small scale were occurred. The results of example analysis show that the numerical groundwater flow model has a capacity of predicting the fluctuation of groundwater levels due to rainfall reasonably well.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.97-113
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• 2020

Soil is the foundation of human life and the basis for food security. Considering this it is prioritized in the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Therefore, research on soil resilience in the agricultural environment is crucial for sound and sustainable soil management, especially in highly uncertain and unpredictable conditions. Soil resilience is defined in different ways by several researchers; however, its definition typically includes the concepts of recovery and resistance to stress. The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of soils that are used to assess the soil resilience, i.e., the response of soil to various types of stress are summarized in this study. In addition, various statistical processing techniques and quantification methods are summarized considering the wide spatial and temporal scope of soil resilience research. Several soil resilience studies typically conduct the following five steps: (1) soil and site selection (2) stress (independent variable) setting (3) soil characteristics and indicator (dependent variable) setting (4) performing various spatiotemporal scale experiments (5) statistical analysis. The previous and present studies present a general introduction of soil resilience, based on which, further practical research considering domestic agricultural environment should be conducted. The extensive range of soil resilience measurements will require collaboration between researchers in various fields.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2015

Korea now boasts a vastly forested landscape resulting from a successful forest restoration projects carried out in the past several decades. However, Korea's forest now face new challenges, such as the rapidly increasing mature forests, climate change, and various novel forest disturbances with both natural and anthropogenic causes. Considering the extensive spatial and temporal scale of the forests and the challenges it face, it is necessary to utilize a tool that can properly tackle the issues with such nature. This brings our attention to Forest Landscape Models, which have been actively developed and used to improve our understanding of how forests respond to a variety of changes and to satisfy the society's demand on forests and its ecosystem services. A large variety of Forest Landscape Models exist, with a wide spectrum of algorithms, various selections of ecological processes they simulate, and the spatial and temporal scale they utilize, so that any researcher may find a model that fits one's use. However, it is important to properly understand the properties of such models so that the right model is used and the results are aptly interpreted. In this study, we describe and characterize the various Forest Landscape Models based on their historical roots, lineages, and development, ecological characteristics, and computational aspects, and discuss how they can be classified and what limits should be recognized to assist in model selection and utilization.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.736-745
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper was to develop and execute self-appraisal test items on secondary science teachers. Test items included 6 sub-fields-subject knowledge, teaching strategies, teaching skills, assessment, laboratory management, and professional development - and 77 items. Using these test items, science teachers were able to evaluate their ability as prescribed by a 5-point Likert scale. Furthermore, teachers were able to comprehend fields showing their highest and lowest scores among the 6 sub-fields. They could then place special attention on the lowest field insuring self-growth as a science teacher. Self-appraisal test items were developed by analyzing related references on teacher evaluation criteria and standards. 220 subjects composed the sample on which these test items were executed. The results of this study were as follows. First, content validity of the test items was 80.8%. The range of sub-field reliabilities was .76 - .86 and the reliability coefficient of the entire test was .95. The range of correlation coefficient between each subfield was .54 - .69 and that of subfields and entire test was .54 - .79. The correlation coefficient between professional development and the whole test was .79, the highest coefficient observed. Second, significant difference was found according to teaching experience. More experienced teachers had higher scores in all 6 sub-fields (p<.05). In addition, a significant difference according to gender was observed in subject knowledge and laboratory management (p<.05); male teachers had higher scores than female teachers. Also, the higher the level of experience, the higher the scores for subject knowledge (p<.05). Lastly, the teacher's major did not result in any significant differences.