• Clean Technology
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.51-60
• /
• 2000

The soil remediation by non-ionic surfactant solutions ($C_{12}H_{25}O(CH_2CH_2O)_5H$ and Triton X-100) was studied. Depending on the amounts and use of co-surfactants, MPT(phase inversion temperature), dynamic interfacial tension, and the detergency efficiency of the surfactant solutions in soil were investigated. The oils used were kerosene, n-hexadecane, and paraffin oil. With respect to a higher detergency efficiency, a lower interfacial tension and the MPT was very important. The $C_{12}H_{25}O(CH_2CH_2O)_5H$ was better than Triton X-100 on the oil removal from the soil and the effect of oil kinds was kerosene>paraffin $oil{\geq}n-hexadecane$. The co-surfactant, n-dodecanol, reduced the MPT compared to no addition of this, whereas it did not enhance the detergent efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.947-958
• /
• 2008

To study the effect of a washing machine with silver nano technology on its detergency, the discoloring of the dyed clothes and the staining of standards adjacent fabrics were examined. As the laundry specimen, cotton fabric dyed with reactive dyes and Polyester fabric dyed with disperse dyes were chosen; and as the adjacent fabrics, undyed cotton. polyester and nylon fabrics were chosen. The colorfastness was evaluated after washing under conditions that those washing temperature, liquor ratio, detergency concentration and the type of water were varied. When the clothes were washed with the tap water contains silver ion, the deposition of silver compounds into the washed clothes was measured. As a results, after the washing in the various conditions, discoloring of the dyed clothes was not intense. The higher the washing temperature and the lower the liquor ratio, the larger the staining appeared on the white fabrics; especially for the white nylon fabrics. The concentration of detergent and the type of water affected hardly the colorfastness. After the repeated washing with the water contains silver, whiteness of the cotton and the nylon fabrics were lower than the result after the washing with the tap water, and a quantity of silver ions was found on the washed clothes.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.435-444
• /
• 2019

In this study, two types of nonionic saccharide biosurfactants, GP-6 and GP-7, were prepared from coconut oil and the structure of resulting products was investigated by FT-IR, $^1H-NMR$ and $^{13}C-NMR$ spectrophotometer. The interfacial properties of GP-6 and GP-7 were found to be excellent from interfacial property measurements such as critical micelle concentration, static and dynamic surface tensions, interfacial tension, emulsification power, wetting property and foam stability. Detergency test evaluated by using a Terg-o-tometer showed moderately good detergency compared to that of conventional surfactants used in detergent formulations. Biodegradability, acute oral toxicity, acute dermal irritation and acute eye irritation tests revealed that both surfactants possess excellent mildness and superior environmental compatibility indicating the potential applicability to detergent products formulations. In particular, GP-6 can be considered as a strong candidate in detergent formulations since it is more surface active, mild and readily biodegradable than GP-7.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.302-308
• /
• 2013

This study is a preliminary investigation of the influence of surface characteristics of substrates on detergency of particulate soil. The surface of PET film was modified with NaOH and NaOH+ethylene diamine on different times. The surface morphology of the film was scanned by AFM and surface energies were calculated from measured contact angles between several solutions and film based on the geometric mean and a Lewis acid base method. The surface morphology of PET film treated with NaOH and NaOH+ethylene diamine became more etched, and the surface area, surface roughness and the coefficient of friction of film increased with treatment of NaOH and NaOH+ethylene diamine. The contact angle of film treated with NaOH and NaOH+ethylene diamine decreased in water and surfactant solution; in addition, the surface energy increased was largely attributed to the increased portion on the polar surface energy of film. However, the effect of the diamine addition to the NaOH treatment solution on surface characteristics of PET film was insignificant.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.224-229
• /
• 1992

Sodium acyl isethionate, one of the anionic surfactants, was synthesized and purified from the fatty acid and the sodium isethionate. To investigate the tendency of the surface active properties of acyl group, surface tension, foaming power, foam stability, lime soap dispersing power, detergency, and critical micelle concentration were determinded. The results exhibited that sodium acyl isethionates had exellent surface active properties and critical micelle concentrations were measured between $1.1{\times}10^{-4}mol/l$ and $4.8{\times}10^{-3}mol/l$. In this case, surface tensions were indicated between 26.8dyn/cm and 36.7dyn/cm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.12 no.2 s.27
• /
• pp.217-223
• /
• 1988

This study is to examine the cleaningproof by dry cleaning runs and parts(shoulder, belly, butt) of garment leathers tanned chrome. This study is composed of three methods of test; color difference test, surface view by scanning electron micrographs, mechanical properties measurement by KES-FB system. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In stiffening of parts of sample, the belly is the best degree in smoothness, fullness, softness. But that of the butt have been found to be the worst degree and to be thick. 2. In fading of parts, the shoulder is an extreme case, but the belly is the best among three parts. 3. In dry cleaning runs, the view after 3 runs has been found to be the best result. 4. The stiffening after dry cleaning 1 run have been low grade, for the sample absorb much solvent of dry cleaning. And, the fading and the decoloration are to be worse after 5 runs. Because the leather surface is affected by dry cleaning runs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.189-199
• /
• 2004

This study analyed the results of the survey on the actual condition and the attitude in using laundry detergents of housewives in Jeonbuk region centering around Jeonju\ulcornerGunsan. The purpose of this study is to give more reasonable and scientific clothing management and to help to solve the problems of the environmental pollution caused by laundry detergents. Both Jeonju(71.4％) and Gunsan(71.0%) got informations about environmental pollution through mass media like TV and Radio. As for the degree of recognition of regenerated soap, comparing with the synthetic detergent, most people thought that the regenerated soap had better detergency, less water pollution, and less harm to the human being than the synthetic detergent. Accordingly, it showed they misconceived it. It showed that the aged consumers in Jeonju and Gunsan had all good attitudes for the practice. As roles of consumers toward the problems of environmental pollution, the respondents who thought that the consumers roles were important took high percentage(Jeonju 86.8% and Gunsan 84.5%). In conclusion, they showed high degree of concerns in the recognition of necessity about the proper use of detergent, however, low in their attitudes in real life applications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.390-397
• /
• 1996

The effects of the mixture of surfactants on the removal of triolein applied to cotton and polyester fabrics were studied. The sunactants which were usually formulated to the Iriundry detergents, such as sodium dodecyl sulfonate (LAS), sodium lauryl sulfate (AS), $\alpha$-olefin sulfonate (AOS, C=14), sodium laurethoxy sulfate (AES, EO=3) and lauryl ethoxylate (AE, EO=7) were used. Washing was done at 40'C, 60"C, 80'c and the surfactant concentration was 0.05%. Backscattered electron imaging was made to study the location of triolein in the yarns. Triolein was removed easily from polyester than cotton fabrics.01eic acid added triolein wa9 removed greater than triolein only, except in AE solutions. In AE solutions, the removal of triolein was increased as the tremperature went higher and the increasing rate of the removal of triolein only was greater than that of oleic acid added triolein. In the result, more triolein was removed from triolein only than from oleic acid added triolein at 80t When the other surfactant was added to LAS, AES was the best to cotton fabrics, AOS was to polyester fabrics. Triolein was located in the lumen and grooves of the fibers and the deeper interfiber spaces. Triolein did not make thin film arround the cotton fiber in the surface, but polyester fibers. These are the main reason why the removal of triolein was difficult from cotton fabrics.rics.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.425-431
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate washing effects according to the rinsing conditions and the characteristics of soiled fabrics. In this study rinsing conditions including rinsing cycle, time, temperature, and bath ratio were examined. The foamability of rinsing bath was also examined. The quantity of LAS in the rinsing bath and extracts of test fabrics was analyzed after washing and rinsing, respectively. The results of these experiments were as follows: The washing effects of soiled fabrics were varied from the kinds of soils and rinsing conditions. The removal of soils from fabrics was increased by the first rinsing after washing effectively. The priorities of rinsing conditions were rinsing temperature> rinsing time > rinsing cycles> references. Foamability was result from residual LAS in rinsing bath and fabrics extracts after rinsing. The residual quantity of LAS was references > rinsing cycles> rinsing time> rinsing temperature, which shown rinsing temperature was the most efficient factor of the rinsing performance.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.79-85
• /
• 2002

The cutaneous tolerability of detergent formulations can be improved by means of suitable additives. They complex the surfactant molecules lowering the concentration of their free monomeric species. Proteins derivatives used as additives for detergency are usually prepared by partial hydrolysis of plant reserve proteins. The main purpose of the hydrolytic cleavage is to make them water soluble and suitable for liquid products. Water solubility and stability are obtained by means of complexation with surfactants which also increase their actual hydrophobicity, an important parameter affecting cosmetic properties of proteins. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and electric capacitance (EC) have been adopted as investigation technigues to evaluate the skin integrity/damage in vitro tests, The performance of native wheat protein / surfactant complexes has been compared with traditional protein hydrolysates as detergent additives. The results show a noticeable reduction of skin irritation in surfactant formulations with addition of native wheat protein.