• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.147-169
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• 2007

To evaluate the therapeutic effects of BGG on atopic dermatitis, we investigated the composition of immune cells of lymph node, PBMC and skin of Dermatophagoides farinae-induced NC/Nga mice. The levels of immunoglobulins in serum were analyzed at the protein level and the amount of pathologic cytokines were investigated using CD3/CD28 stimulated splenocytes. The results are summarized below; 1. BGG showed no cytotoxic effect up to $200\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ on mLFC in vitro. 2. BGG showed no hepatotoxicity in vivo based on the levels of ALT and AST. 3. Atopic dermatitis was improved through naked eye examination. BGG reduced the skin clinical index from 2.9 to 1.3 (p<0.01). 4. H&E and toluidine blue staining of tissue biopsies revealed that BGG inhibited the infiltration of lymphocytes and mast cells to skin. 5. BGG reduced the number of CD19 positive B cells in PBMCs by 16% (p<0.01), whereas cells were increased by 26% (p<0.05) in lymph nodes. 6. BGG reduced the numbers of B220+/CD23+ cells by 15% (p<0.01) and 33% in PBMCs and lymph node, respectively. 7. BGG reduced the numbers of B220+/IgE+ cells in PBMCs and lymph node by 21% and 33% (p<0.01), respectively. 8. BGG suppressed the levels of IgE (13%, p<0.001) as well as IgM (34%, p<0.001), IgG2a (40%, p<0.001) and IgG2b (26%, p<0.05). 9. BGG reduced the levels of IL-4 and IFN-$\gamma$ by 7% (p<0.05) and 13% (p<0.001) in anti-CD3 and anti-CD28-activated splenocytes, respectively. 10. BGG considerably inhibited the production of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 by 42% (p<0.01) and 15% in the serum, respectively. Based on the results above, we concluded that BGG has therapeutic effects on atopic dermatitis by regulating the differentiation of B cells and isotype switching of IgE. Further investigations on the molecular mechanisms of BGG on atopic dermatitis are anticipated.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.154-157
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• 2004

The KOMPSAT European Cooperation aims at enhancing existing and establishing new collaborations between KARI and various European institutions. The objective is to create mutual data and information exchange possibilities and to develop new data applications of available and future space based Earth Observation sensors. In this paper, the concept of a KOMPSAT regional application center, a joint development between KARI, ARCS and other European partners is presented. This includes the establishment of an additional KOMPSAT-2 downlink in Europe, and the developments of a state-of-the-art user service system for urban and environmental security monitoring.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1995

Polymer cationic agent was prepared by the initial polymerization of epichlorohydrin followed by amination with diethyl-amine. Cotton fibre treated with the polymer (6∼8% o.w.f.) is highly cationic and exhibit increased substantivity for anionic dyes. The modified substrate could be dyed with direct dyes without salt or a little salt from dye bath. The increased concentration of cationic agents resulted in an increase the colour yield. Futhermore, treated cotton has an electropositive surface charge. Adsorption of direct dye can be attributed to both van der waals force and electrostatic attraction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.33
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• pp.41-54
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• 1997

The objectives of this study were to find out the relationships between clothing style pre-ferences and self-image and to examine the differences in clothing style preferences ac-cording to marital status educational level and social stratification of women. The drawings of clothing style were designed referring to the catalogues for spring/summer of 1996 and printed by computer 6 styles of suit corresponding to clothing image were selected. Style A is a brown suit decorated with scarf style B a grey suit with stripes C a yellow suit with printed pattern D a grey and beige suit E a chanel suit decorated with corsage and F a blue suit with pleated skirt. The self-image was separated to the actual self-image and the ideal self-image. Samples were 226 women(ages 18 to 37) in Seoul Korea. The results of the study were the followings. 1. Clothing images of 6 styles were estimated; Style A was plain conservative formal and gentle image ; B masculine solid actual dark and plain image; C feminine romantic bright and splendid image; D actual ordinary un-fashionable and plain image; E feminine ten-der romantic and non-active image ; F indi-vidual fshionable open casual sprightly and active image. 2. There were significant relationships be-tween clothing style preferences and realistic self-image. The women who considered them-selves as masculine preferred style B mascu-line and plain image. The women feminine and conservative preferred style E feminine and tender image. The women not to follow the fshion preferred style D ordinary and plain image. The women informal and open pre-ferred the style F casual and active image. 3. There were significant relationships be-tween clothing style preferences and ideal self-image. The women who wanted to be-tween clothing style preferences and ideal self-image. The women who wanted to be con-sidered themselves as feminine and conserva-tive preferred style E feminine and tender im-age. The women who wanted gentle and con-servative preferred style D ordinary and plain image. The women who wanted sprightly pre-ferred the style F casual and active image. 4. There were significant differences in clothing style preferences according to marital status educational level and social stratifi-cation. The women with more eduacation pre-ferred the splendid and the plain image at the same time. The upper class preferred feminine image and lower class casual and active image.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.42.2-43
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• 2015

Massive stars play a major role in the interstellar energy budget and the shaping of the galactic environment. The water molecule is thought to be a sensitive tracer of physical conditions and dynamics in star-forming regions because of its large abundance variations between hot and cold regions. Herschel/HIFI allows us to observe the multiple rotational transitions of H2O including the ground-state levels, and its isotopologues toward high-mass star-forming regions in different evolutionary stages. Photodissociation regions (PDRs) are also targeted to investigate the distribution of water and its chemistry. We present line profiles and maps of H2O using data from two guaranteed-time key programs "Water In Star-forming regions with Herschel" and "Herschel observations of EXtra-Ordinary Sources". We analyze the temperature and density structures using LTE and non-LTE methods. We also estimate turbulent and expansion velocities, and abundance of water in the inner and outer envelopes using the 1D radiative transfer code. Around high-mass protostars we find H2O abundances of ~10-8-10-9 for the outer envelope and ~10-4-10-5 for the inner envelope, and expansion and turbulent velocities range from 1.0 km s-1 to 2.0 km s-1. The abundances and kinematic parameters of the sources do not show clear trends with evolutionary indicators. The Herschel/HIFI mapping observations of H2O toward the Orion Bar PDR show that H2O emission peaks between the shielded dense gas and the radicals position, in agreement with the theoretical and the observational PDR structure. The derived H2O abundance is ~10-7 and peaks at the depth of AV ~8 mag from the ionization front. Together with the low ortho-to-para ratio of H2O (~1) presented by Choi et al. (2014), our results show that the chemistry of water in the Orion Bar is dominated by photodesorption and photodissociation.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.45-57
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• 2017

Two single crystals of fully dehydrated $Cd^{2+}$-exchanged zeolites Y were prepared by the exchange of ${\mid}Na_{75}{\mid}[Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}]-FAU$ ($Na_{75}-Y$, Si/Al = 1.56) with aqueous $0.05M\;Cd(NO_3)_2$ (pH = 3.65) at 294 K, followed by vacuum dehydration at 723 K (crystal 1) and a second crystal, similarly prepared, was exposed to zeolitically dried benzene for 72 hours at 294 K and evacuated (crystal 2). Their structures were determined crystallographically using synchrotron X-rays and were refined to the final error indices using $F_o$>$4{\sigma}(F_o)$ of $R_1/wR_2=0.040/0.121$ and 0.052/0.168, respectively. In crystal $1({\mid}Cd_{36}H_3{\mid}[Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}]-FAU)$, $Cd^{2+}$ ions primarily occupy sites I and II, with additional $Cd^{2+}$ ions at sites I', II', and a second site II. In crystal $2({\mid}Cd_{35}(C_6H_6)_{24}H_5{\mid}[Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}]-FAU)$, $Cd^{2+}$ ions occupy five crystallographic sites. The 24 benzene molecules are found at two distinct positions within the supercages. The 17 benzene molecules are found on the 3-fold axes in the supercages where each interacts facially with one of site IIa $Cd^{2+}$ ions. The remaining 7 benzene molecules lie on the planes of the 12-rings where each is stabilized by multiple weak electrostatic and van der Waals interactions with framework oxygens.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.293-300
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• 2005

ZnO:Li epilayers were synthesized on sapphire substrates by the pulesd laser deposition (PLD) after the surface of the ZnO:Li sintered pellet was irradiated by the ArF (193 nm) excimer laser. The growth temperature was fixed at $400^{\circ}C$. The crystalline structure of epilayers was investigated by the photoluminescence (PL) and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of epilayers measured by van der Pauw-Hall method are $2.69\times10cm^{-3}$ and $52.137cm^2/V{\cdot}s$ at 293 K, respectively. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of epilayers obtained from the absorption spectra is well described by the Varshni's relation, $E_g(T)=3.5128eV{\cdot}(9.51\times10^{-4}eV/K)T^2/(T+280K)$. After the as-grown ZnO:Li epilayer was annealed in Zn atmospheres, oxygen and vaccum the origin of point defects of ZnO:Li has been investigated by PL at 10 K. The Peaks of native defects of $V_{zn},\;V_o,\;Zn_{int},\;and\;O_{int}$ showned on PL spectrum are classified as a donors or accepters type. We confirm that $ZnO:Li/Al_2O_3$ in vacuum do not form the native defects because ZnO:Li epilayers in vacuum existe in the form of stable bonds.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.209-215
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• 1988

The three-dimensional structures of piroxicam crystallized from two different solvents, toluene and toluene/hexane mixture respectively, are proved identical: $C_{15}H_{13}N_3O_4S,\;M\;=\;331.35$, monoclinic, a = 7.128(1), b = 15.146(2), c = 13.956(2) ${\AA},\;{\beta}=\;97.33(1)^{\circ},\;V\;=\;1494.37{\AA}^{3},\;Dx\;=\;1.472\;g/cm^{3},\;Z\;=\;4,\;space\;group\;P2_{1}/c,\;Mo\;K{\alpha}(\lambda=\;0.71073\;{\AA})$, F(000) = 688, T = 295 K, R = 0.0611 for 1993 unique observed reflections. The thiazine ring exhibits a half chair conformation. An amide group is involved in an intramolecular hydrogen bond to the hydroxy group, O(17)-H(17)${\cdots}O(15){\AA}$. The molecule is planar within 2 ${\AA}$ with the interplanar angle $127.9(4)^{\circ}$ between pyridine and benzene rings. A molecular chain parallel to [011] is formed by two intermolecular hydrogen bonds N(16)-H(6)${\cdots}O(11)$ and C(6)-H(6)${\cdots}O(11)$, and the molecular chains are held together by van der Waals forces.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.160-162
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• 2003

ZnO epilayer were synthesized by the pulesd laser deposition(PLD) process on $Al_2O_3$ substrate after irradiating the surface of the ZnO sintered pellet by the ArF(193nm) excimer laser. The substrate temperatures was $400^{\circ}C$. The crystalline structure of epilayer was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of ZnO epilayer measured with Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $8.27{\times}10^{16}\;cm^{-3}\;and\;299\;cm^2V{\cdot}s$ at 293 K, respectively. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the ZnO obtained from the absorption spectra was well described by the Varshni's relation, $E_g(T)\;=\;3.3973\;eV\;-\;(2.69{\times}10^{-4}\;eV/K)T^2/(T\;+\;463K)$. After the as-grown ZnO epilayer was annealed in Zn atmospheres, oxygen and vaccum the origin of point defects of ZnO atmospheres has been investigated by the photoluminescence(PL) at 10 K. The native defects of $V_{Zn}$, Vo, $Zn_{int}$, and $O_{int}$ obtained by PL measurements were classified as a donors or accepters type.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.07c
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• pp.1884-1886
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• 2005

KrF 펄스 레이저 증착법(pulsed laser deposition: PLD)으로 ZnO 박막을 증착하여 평판 디스플레이 소자 구동용 박막 트랜지스터(thin film transistor) 소자를 제작하였다. 전도성이 높은 실리콘웨이퍼(c-Si, 하부전극) 기판 위에 LPCVD 법으로 silicon nitride 박막을 절연막으로 형성하고, 다양한 공정 조건에서 펄스 레이저 증착법으로 제작한 ZnO 박막을 증착하여 채널층으로 하였으며, Al 박막을 증착하고 패터닝하여 소스 및 드레인 전극으로 하였다. ZnO 박막의 증착 시에 기판 온도를 다양하게 조절하고 산소 분압을 변화시켜 ZnO 박막의 특성을 조절하였다. 제작된 박막의 표면특성은 AFM(atomic force microscopy)로 분석하고, 결정특성은 XRD(X-ray diffraction)로 조사하였다. ZnO 박막의 전기적 특성은 Hall-van der Pauw 법으로 측정하였고, 광학 투과도(optical transparency)를 UV-visible photometer로 조사하였다. ZnO-TFT 소자는 $10^6$ 수준의 on-off ratio와 $2.4{\sim}6.1cm^2/V{\cdot}s$의 전계효과이동도(field effect mobility)를 보였다.