• 패션비즈니스
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.61-76
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to derive exotic products handled by Bon Marche department store, examine characteristics, and reveal the meaning of exotic taste in the 19th century. The research method is literature research centered on original materials of the time, such as old literature related to department stores, and films, newspapers, magazines, and periodicals as well as books and papers. Commercial catalogs and Agenda-Buvard published by Bon Marché were used as visual materials. Results are as follows. Exotic tastes of products of the Bon Marche department store in the late 19th century showed an oriental style centered on Persia, India, China, and Japan. Products from various regions such as Turkey, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, England, Italy, and Russia were also accepted. These exotic tastes had the following contributions and meanings. First, they expanded items and product development and activated domestic industry through production of imitations and replicas. Second, before the advent of department stores, foreign items that came to Europe were exclusive properties of a few privileged classes. However, in the late 19th century, as the number of consumers who wanted to have a new status higher than themselves increased, exotic products of the Bon Marche department store became the object of desire for material pursuits toward the upper class rather than sentimental fantasies. Third, exotic tastes gradually spread to the public as production of products imitating foreign products became possible industrially with an easy access to them. From this, it can be seen that department stores were mediators of trends and the epicenter of popularizing exotic tastes.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제9권12호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of the study was to investigate operation system of current convenience store and competing retail store and to find out development of unattended convenience store. Operators can save labor cost and solve labor seeking when opening shop under suitable environment and commerce area, and assure of employee's safety. Customers are allowed to select commodity comfortably without disclosure of face and to shorten standby time at simple store opening, buying and paying and to produce convenient living environment by financing, delivery and goods control. This study examined effect and problems of operation of existing and unattended convenience store from point of view of visual merchandising to find out model of unattended convenience store and to strengthen competitiveness of convenience store business. Research design, data, and methodology - Research procedure of accomplishment of goal of the study was: The study investigated state of distribution business, and role and definition of VMD. First, VMD played an important role of promotion and competitiveness of unattended convenience stores. Second, the author investigated research and cases of unattended convenience stores 14 months, that is to say, from August 15, 2017 to October 15, 2018. Third, the author investigated on-the-spot three of common convenience stores, three of unattended convenience stores and three of retailers one month, that is to say, June 1, 2018 to July 1, 2018. The subject was convenience stores and retailers selling similar type of products at Seoul and metropolitan area. Results - Layout, selling place, brand identity, goods assortment, authentication system, product information cognition and control, buying and payment system, security system, salesmen, promotion and other services should be improved from point of view of merchandising. Structure, furniture, lighting, voice, façade, VP, PP, IP and POP should be developed. Conclusions - Unattended convenience stores saved operating cost and lessened labor and gave visitors convenience and comfortable shopping and made use of resources effectively. Further studies with quantitative analysis shall find out strategic conditions for promotion of unattended convenience stores.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.2639-2644
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• 2013

휴대폰 사용자의 폭발적인 증가와 제품의 빠른 교체주기로 인하여 이동통신사 간의 마케팅 경쟁이 매장으로 확산되면서 매장을 새롭게 단장하는 리뉴얼 주기가 짧아지고 있다, 주요 이동통신사가 간판을 포함한 매장 리뉴얼은 소비자에게 자사의 브랜드 아이덴티티를 강하게 심기 위한 목적으로 추진되고 있다. 소비자들은 매장이 단순히 값싸고 질 좋은 제품을 판매만 하는 것이 아니라, 매장, 제품, 서비스에 대해 느끼고 수용할 수 있도록 고객 체험을 제공할 것을 바라고 있다. 특히 이동통신사 대리점의 경쟁이 치열해 매장수가 많이 늘어나는 추세를 보이고 최근에는 리뉴얼 시 단순 CI(Corporate Identity) 교체에 의미를 두기보다 매장의 인테리어에서 익스테리어까지 통합된 이미지로 바꾸는 SI(Store Identity) 개념을 적용해 매장들을 바꾸고 있다. 인테리어,Sign 등의 비주얼 요소를 일관성 있게 설계 및 디자인하여 매장 내, 외부에 적용하여 소비자에게 호의적인 매장 이미지를 심어주고 궁극적으로 매출액 증대에 큰 영향을 미치게 하는 요소라 할 수 있다. 이러한 활동은 기업이 Identity관리를 통해 이미지를 컨트롤 할 수 있으며 마케팅 측면에 매우 중요한 요소라 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 국내 이동통신사와 해외 이동통신사의 SI를 비교분석하고 효과적인 SI의 방향을 제언하는데 목적을 둔다.

• 경제분석
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.54-95
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• 2019

본 연구는 온라인 거래량의 증가가 지역 상권에 미치는 영향에 대하여 양적 질적 분석을 하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 실증분석은 2002년부터 2016년까지 15년간의 '전국사업체조사'와 '온라인 쇼핑 동향조사' 및 '지역소득조사' 결과와 한국은행의 거시경제 지표 중 '지역별 경제성장률', '소비자물가 등락률', '종가기준 연평균 원달러 환율 등락률' 데이터 등에 기초하여 진행되었다. 본 연구의 결과에 따르면, 온라인 거래금액의 증가가 소매업종 점포수의 감소에 영향을 주고 있으며 업종별로 구분하면 기타 가정용품 소매업, 음·식료품 및 담배소매업, 문화, 오락 및 여가용품 소매업 그리고 종합소매업 순으로 감소의 정도가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 종합소매업에 포함된 대형종합소매업과 체인화 편의점은 온라인 거래액이 증가함에도 점포수가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 기타 가정용품 등 업종의 점포수 감소한 주요 이유는 매장의 규모가 작은 경우 온라인 거래 대비 제품 품질 직접 비교 및 구매 경험 만족도 등 관점에서 차별성 및 효율성이 떨어지기 때문인 것으로 판단되었다. 온라인 거래액이 증가할 때 점포수가 증가한 소매업종은 체인화 편의점, 기타 상품 전문 소매업 모형, 섬유, 의복, 신발 및 가죽제품 소매업, 그리고 대형종합소매업의 순으로 나타났다. 또한 온라인 거래 증가에 따라 음식점 점포수가 가장 크게 증가하였는데 이는 온라인 거래의 증가 및 인터넷 사용자의 증가에 따라 배달앱 등이 활성화되고 블로그 및 SNS 등을 통한 맛 집 소개 및 사용 후기 전파 등이 증가하여 온라인 거래의 긍정적 영향이 작용한 것 때문으로 판단되었다. 따라서 오프라인 기업들이 온라인 대비 차별성과 경쟁력을 유지하기 위해서는 일정 규모 이상의 매장에서 소비자들이 직접 비교하고 착용하고 경험하는 등의 서비스를 제공할 수 있어야 할 것으로 여겨진다. 임대료는 온라인 거래가 증가함에도 상승하였는데 이는 1층 중대형매장의 임대료를 분석한 것에 기인한다. 즉, 온라인 거래가 증가하여도 사용자 경험을 제공하는 차별화된 매장 수요는 증가하기 때문으로 판단되었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 변화와 위기에 대응하는 지역 중소 소매업체들의 사업전략 조정이 필요함을 시사하며 이에 대한 중앙 또는 지방정부 차원의 지원노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to seek determinants of department store sales commission rates under consignment contracts based on transaction cost theory, the power-dependence view, and the resource-based view. A consignment contract is a unique contract where the retailer, over a given period, takes possession of goods owned by a supplier, promotes the sales of these goods, and receives a profit share from their sales. Under this contract, the supplier owns the goods until they are sold. In department stores in South Korea, over 70% of overall sales comes through consignment contracts. In other words, this is the most popular contract agreement between large retailers and vendors in South Korea. Consignment contracts yield high profits to department stores with minimal sales uncertainty, stock cost, and marketing investment. Many suppliers believe the consignment contract commission rates are too high. However, department stores disagree. They state that the commissions are not high as they generate new value for the suppliers by accumulating up-to-date merchandise and supporting various marketing programs on their behalf. Recently, consignment contracts have been critically examined and scrutinized by politicians, mass media, and the public of Korea. This study further intends to derive implications reflecting both buyer and seller perspectives as well as offer insights to policy makers in making appropriate decisions. Research design, data, and methodology - To verify the proposed research model and test hypotheses, the authors selected 164 suppliers, which currently have relationships with department stores. This study carefully investigated the reliability, content validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the proposed model. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS structural equation modeling program Results - For the transaction cost theory and the power-dependence view, the results indicated that product diversity and demand volatility had a positive impact on the sales dependence on a department store. Dependence in turn had a positive effect on the sales commission under the consignment contract. Based on the resource-based view, the department store's marketing capability, the supplier's perception toward merchandising, and supporting activities could enhance the department store's channel leadership in the buyer-seller relationship. Subsequently, the channel leadership had a positive effect on the sales commission. However, product complexity had no relationship with department store dependence. Conclusions - This is the first empirical research that investigates the determinants of sales commissions under consignment contracts in the domestic retail industry. This study reveals several theoretical and practical implications for both marketing scholars and marketers. In terms of theoretical implication, this study integrated and enlarged certain theoretical background, such as transaction cost theory, the power-dependence view, and the resource-based view, to explain the determinants of sales commissions under consignment contracts that include sales revenue. From a business management viewpoint, this research offers useful insights for policy makers by applying two different perspectives, both the manufacturer and the retailer, in terms of the sales commission issue under a consignment contract.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2000

To investigate the mechanism of smooth muscle contraction induced by emptying of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ stores, we measured isometric contraction and $^{45}Ca^{2+}$ influx. $CaCl_2$ increased $Ca^{2+}$ store emptying- induced contraction in dose-dependent manner, but phospholipase C activity was not affected by the $Ca^{2+}$ store emptying-induced contraction. The contraction was inhibited by voltage-dependent $Ca^{2+}$ channel antagonists dose dependently, but not by TMB-8 (intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ release blocker). Both PKC inhibitors (H-7 and staurosporine) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (genistein and methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid) significantly inhibited the contraction, but calmodulin antagonists (W-7 and trifluoperazine) had no inhibitory effect on the contraction. The combined inhibitory effects of protein kinase inhibitors, H-7 and genistein, together with verapamil were greater than that of each one alone. In $Ca^{2+}$ store-emptied condition, $^{45}Ca^{2+}$ influx was significantly inhibited by verapamil, H-7 or genistein but not by trifluoperazine. However combined inhibitory effects of protein kinase inhibitors, H-7 and genistein, together with verapamil were not observed. Therefore, this kinase pathway may modulate the sensitivity of contractile protein. These results suggest that contraction induced by emptying of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ stores was mediated by influx of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ through voltage-dependent $Ca^{2+}$ channel, also protein kinase C and/or tyrosine kinase pathway modulates the $Ca^{2+}$ sensitivity of contractile protein.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.148-154
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• 2012

Micro Electric Vehicles are considered as a solution for reducing $CO_2$ emissions, however, it is difficult to evaluate its impact in a local community when it has been introduced. In this study, we evaluated how to spread the Micro EV within the community, using the utility derived from a multinomial logit model, and analyze the effect on $CO_2$ emissions. The householder's utility model is based on an investigation about Kiryu citizen's activities of shopping, transportation methods, etc. Using the geographic information system, we get the distances of each householder and the stores, and estimate a multinomial logit model about the combination choices of shopping stores and transportation method.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.110-120
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to compare consumers' evaluation, evaluation criteria and complaint factors on the department stores' private brand apparel with consumers' responses on the department stores' manufacturer brand apparel. 564 subjects were gathered in Seoul and Kyunggi province and, for data analysis, mean, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, Factor Analysis were conducted. The results are as follows; 1. Among the purchasing groups, there weer significant differences in apparel evaluation according to fabric, style, sewing, suitability, versatility, washability, price and color. 2. Among the purchasing group, there were significant differences in apparel evaluation criteria according to fabric, fashionability, sewing, brand name, department store' credibility. 3. The differences in complaint factors of apparel among the purchasing groups were due to factors such s high quality, variety, price and size. there were significant differences in complaint factors of apparel according to the subjects' age.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.85-94
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• 2007

This study analysed the structural relationship of customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions for service quality. Service quality factors were defined as tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. Behavioral intentions were defined as loyalty and brand switch. A LISREL model was used to develop dimensions of service quality and to investigate the structural relationship between overall service quality, customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions on department stores. The results and implications are that there is a significant relationship between service quality and overall satisfaction. Furthermore, a significant relationship exists between overall satisfaction and behavioral intentions. This study also shows that overall service quality affects customer satisfaction and behavioral intention.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.429-439
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• 1996

A comprehensive air quality monitoring was carried out in this study to investigate the concentrations of criteria air pollutants in indoor and outdoor air of public facilities in Taegu area. Four different kinds of public facilities were seleced as sampling sites, which are underground stores, stations & terminals, general hospitals, and department stores. Each group of the public facilities was consisted of three different sampling sites. As a consequence, a total of 12 different sampling sites were surveyed throughout this study. Sampling was conducted simultaneously indoors, three times per day (in the morning, afternoon, and evening) and four times per year (spring, summer, fall, and winter) at each sampling site during the period of October 1994 to July 1995. A range of criteria pollutants were measured in order to obtain a broad profile of indoor and ambient air quality, including total suspended particles (TSP), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), formaldehyde (HCHO), sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$), and nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$). In addition, temperature, relative humidity, and air current were measured on site together with those air pollutants. Results of this study indicated that the indoor levels of TSP, CO, $SO_2, and NO_2$ appeared to be generally higher in stations/terminals and underground stores than those in department stores and hospitals. However, HCHO and $CO_2$ were found to have higher levels in the department stores and hospitals than other places, indicating that the effects of indoor sources for these pollutants are significantly different from other combustion related pollutants such as TSP, CO, and $SO_2$. It was also found that there are marked seasonal and daily variations both in indoor and outdoor air quality. In general, combustion related pollutants such as CO, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ showed a typical pattern of higher levels in winter than insummer, and also higher in the morning and/or in the evening than in the afternoon. However, the seasonal and daily patterns of HCHO appeared to be opposite to the combustion related pollutants, i.e., higher both in summer and in the afternoon, implying the effect of temperature on the volatilization from indoor sources of HCHO. Results of correlation analyses between indoor and outdoor air quality also indicated that the effects of outdoor sources on the indoor levels of TSP, $SO_2$, CO, and $NO_2$ and much significant, whilst no significant correlations between indoor and outdoor levels were found for HCHO and $CO_2$.