• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the bonding durability of self-etching dentin bonding agents to dentin by means of shear bonding strength. Several acid-etching dentin bonding system (ESPE Z100) and self-etching dentin bonding systems (DEN-FIL, GRADIA DIRET) were used. The occlusion surface of human molars were ground flat to expose dentin and treated with the etch bonding system according to manufactures instruction and followed by composite resin application. After 24hours of storage at 37$^{\circ}C$, the shear bonding strength of the specimens was measured in a universal testing machine with a 1mm/min crosshead speed. An one-way analysis of variance and the scheffe test were performed to identify significant differences (p<0.05). The bonded interfacial surfaces and treated dentin surfaces were examined using a SEM. Through the analysis of shear bond strength data and micro-structures of dentin-resin interfaces, following results are obtained. In dentin group, the shear bond strength of DEN-FIL showed statistical superiority in comparison to the other groups and followed by ESPE Z100 and GRADIA DIRECT (p<0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.36-54
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths to ground dentin surfaces of four dentinal bonding agents in 193 teeth. Various dentin surfaces treated with four dentin bonding agents were attached with two restorative composite resins. The effectiveness of the bonding were tested by the monitoring the shear bond strength. The shear bond strengths were measured after 2 hours and 24 hours after surface conditioning with four dentin bonding agents. Effects of EDTA, the additive illumination, and sealer treatments without primer on bond strength to dentin surfaces were assessed. In addition the effects of the thickness of specimens ranging from 0.65 mm to 1.95 mm and the ratio of catalyst and base paste on the bond strength of chemical cure composite resin were estimated. The shear bond strength was determined by testing specimens in the Instron universal testing machine (Model No. 1122) at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. Following condusions were drawn: 1. The highest mean shear bond strengths of chemical cure composite resin to dentin conditioning with dentin bonding agents aged 2 hours were obtained, and then that was decreased with time followed by EDTA treatment. 2. In light cure composite resin, the shear bond strength was increased following dentin conditioning with bonding agents with time, irradiation time and EDTA treatment except in SB group. 3. The thicker the composite resin specimen was, the less the shear bond strength in chemical cure composite resin was. 4. In light cure composite resin, there was a little change in shear bond strength following dentin conditioning with bonding agents. 5. In chemical cure composite resin, the shear bond strength was the highest in the ratio of 1/1 of catalyst and base part. 6. Without a dentin primer, shear bond strength to dentin conditioned only with UB sealer was the highest among four sealers in light cure composite resin.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.165-173
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of two commercially available composite resin systems and GC dentin cement on the shear bond strength of the etched porcelain to enamel and dentin. The specimens were divided into six groups, and each group was as follows. Group I : etched enamel-dentin/enamel bonding agent-CHOICE-unfilled resin-silane-etched porcelain Group II : etched enamel-Scotchbond 2-Silux-unfilled resin-silane-etched porcelain. Group III : dentin-dentin/enamel bonding agent-CHOICE-unfilled resin-silane-etched porcelain Group IV : dentin-Scotchbond 2-Silux-unfilled resin-silane-etched porcelain Group V : dentin-GC dentin cement-dentin/enamel bonding agent-CHOICE-unfilled resin-silane-etched porcelain Group VI : dentin-GC dentin cement-Scotchbond 2-Silux- unfilled resin-silane-etched porcelain Following polymerization. the specimens were stored in 100% humidity for 24 hours before testing. Shear bond strength was measured with Instron universal testing machine. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The shear bond strength of the etched porcelain to enamel was greater than that of the etched porcelain to dentin. 2. The shear bond strength of Silux-Scotchbond 2 to dentin was greater than that of CHOICE-dentin/enamel bonding agent. 3. There was no significant difference in shear bond strength to dentin between the groups lined with GC dentin cement. 4. The shear bond strength of Silux-Scotchbond 2 to dentin was greater than that of the groups lined with GC dentin cement. 5. There was no significant difference in shear bond strength to dentin between the groups lined with GC dentin cement and the group directly bonded with CHOICE-dentin/enamel bonding agent.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.569-584
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of benzalkonium chloride on tensile bond strength of BPDM/HEMA dentin bonding. One hundred sixty dentin specimens from freshly extracted bovine mandibular incisors were used, and 0, 0.02, 0.1 or 0.5% benzalkonium chloride solution was applied to the dentin specimen with/after phosphoric acid. 32% phosphoric acid was used when the specimens were bonded with One-Step$^{TM}$, a BPDM/HEMA system and 10% was used when bonded with All-Bond$^{(R)}$ 2, a NTG-GMA/BPDM system. Aelitefil$^{TM}$ composite resin was bonded to the pretreated dentin specimen with the use of All-Bond$^{(R)}$ 2 or One-Step$^{TM}$ dentin bonding agent. After the bonded specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24 hours, tensile bond strength was measured. The fractured dentin specimens were examined under the scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows : Benzalkonium chloride application after acid-treatment resulted in decrease of dentin bond strength of One-Step$^{TM}$, a BPDM/HEMA system (p>0.05). Benzalkonium chloride application did not exert any influence on dentin bond strength of All-Bond$^{(R)}$ 2, a NTG-GMA/BPDM system (p>0.05). There was no relationship between the concentration or application method of benzalkonium chloride and the dentin bond strength of One-Step$^{TM}$ or All-Bon$^{(R)}$ 2 (p<0.05). On SEM examination of the fractured dentin-resin interface, while mixed failure was prominent in dentin bonding with One-Step$^{TM}$, adhesive and mixed failures were seen together in dentin bonding with All-Bond$^{(R)}$ 2 regardless of the concentration and application method of benzalkonium chloride.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dentin bonding agents on the bond strength of composite resin restorations in case of applying the dentin bonding agents to acid etched enamel surfaces. Freshly extracted 364 bovine anterior teeth were selected as a adherents. 320 enamel specimens were divided into two groups(unetched group (1) and etched group (2) for testing the shear bond strength, 40 specimens were used for the hardness testing, and 4 specimens of rest were to observe the resin-tag formation into etched enamel surfaces. All surfaces of enamel specimens were polished with 320~1500 SiC paper under continuous running water. In Group (1), 100 enamel specimens were polished and unetched. 220 polished enamel specimens in Group (2) were etched with 37 % phosphoric acid solution for 60 seconds, washed with water for 20 seconds, and dried with a light air pressure for 60 seconds. Three kinds of dentin bonding agents(Gluma, Prisma, Scotchbond 2) were evaluated the effect on the bond strength to conditioned enamel surfaces. Shear bond strengths were measured on the three cases such as a coating of primer only, a coating of sealer only, and a sequential coating of primer and sealer to acid etched enamel surfaces were compared with the bond strengths measured by the coating of enamel bonding agent followed by the bonding of composite resin (Photo clearfil bright, Kuraray, Japan) to unetched and acid etched enamel surfaces. In addition, the hardness tested on the adhesive fractured surface between composite resin enamel as a mean of evaluation of a factor whether the mechanical bond strengths were affected and the penetration of dentin bonding agents into etched enamel surfaces was also observed. Bond strengths were measured using the method of shear bond strength by a universal testing machine (Instron-4467, USA), statistical test were applied to the results using a one way analysis variance(ANOVA), and hardness was measured by the Vicker's Hardness Tester(MHT-i, Matsuzawa, Japan) and the penetration of the resins were observed by the SEM (Hitachi, S-2300, Japan). The following conclusions were drawn; 1. Enamel bonding agent showed to affect the improvement of bond strength of composite resin to enamel surface both unetched and etched. 2. Dentin bonding agents could be resulted in increase of bond strength to unetched enamel surface, but there were no statistical significances. 3. Bond strengths to etched enamel surface were significantly decreased with a coating of dentin primer only. 4. Coating of sealer only and coating of primer and sealer noticed the similar bond strengths of composite resin to etched enamel using the enamel bonding agents. 5. The applying method proved to be more effective than the kinds of dentin bonding agents on the bond strength of composite resin to etched enamel than the kind of dentin. 6. Vicker's hardness numbers of dentin bonding agents were lower than that of composite resin, but the degree of penetration of dentin bonding agents into etched enamel surfaces was excellent.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.107-113
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• 1982

The purpose of this study was to observe the tensile strength of composite resins to etched dentin surface with the various methods of placing bonding agent before composite resin or placing composite resin alone. Recently extracted 60 maxillary incisors were chosen. These were divided into 6 groups: Group I : Immediate Silar adaptation to the etched dentin surface with 37% phosphoric acid for 60 seconds without bonding agent. Group II : Immediate Silar adaptation to the etched dentin surface with 37% phosphoric acid for 60 seconds with bonding agent. Group III : Silar adaptation to the etched dentin surface with 37% phosphoric acid for 60 seconds after 5 minutes of bonding agent. Group IV : Immediate Enamelite adaptation to the etched dentin surfaces with 50% phosphoric acid for 120 seconds without bonding agent. Group V : Immediate Enamelite adaptation to the etched dentin surface with 50% phosphoric acid for 120 second s with bonding again. Group VI : Enamelite adaptation to the etched dentin surface with 50% phosphoric acid for 120 seconds after 5 minutes of bonding agent. All specimens were immersed in water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours before testing. The results were as follows: 1. The tensile strength of powder/liquid composite resin system was higher than that of pastel paste composite resin system. 2. The tensile strength of the composite resin group II, III, V, & VI with bonding agent was higher than that of the composite resin group I & IV without bonding agent. 3. The tensile strength of the composite resin group III & VI after 5 minutes added to bonding agent was higher than that of the composite resin group II & V immediately added to bonding agent.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.39-45
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• 2010

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to determine differences in shear bond strength to human dentin using immediate dentin sealing (IDS) technique compared to delayed dentin sealing (DDS). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Forty extracted human molars were divided into 4 groups with 10 teeth each. The control group was light-cured after application of dentin bonding agent ($Excite^{(R)}$ DSC) and cemented with $Variolink^{(R)}$. II resin cement. IDS/SE (immediate dentin sealing, $Clearfil^{TM}$ SE Bond) and IDS/SB (immediate dentin sealing, $Adapter^{TM}$ Single Bond 2) were light-cured after application of dentin bonding agent ($Clearfil^{TM}$ SE Bond and $Adapter^{TM}$ Sing Bond 2, respectively), whereas DDS specimens were not treated with any dentin bonding agent. Specimens were cemented with $Variolink^{(R)}$. II resin cement. Dentin bonding agent ($Excite^{(R)}$. DSC) was left unpolymerized until the application of porcelain restoration. Shear strength was measured using a universal testing machine at a speed of 5 mm/min and evaluated of fracture using an optical microscope. RESULTS. The mean shear bond strengths of control group and IDS/SE group were not statistically different from another at 14.86 and 11.18 MPa. Bond strength of IDS/SE group had a significantly higher mean than DDS group (3.14 MPa) (P < .05). There were no significance in the mean shear bond strength between IDS/SB (4.11 MPa) and DDS group. Evaluation of failure patterns indicates that most failures in the control group and IDS/SE groups were mixed, whereas failures in the DDS were interfacial. CONCLUSION. When preparing teeth for indirect ceramic restoration, IDS with $Clearfil^{TM}$ SE Bond results in improved shear bond strength compared with DDS.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.401-412
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• 1998

The aim of this study was to measure the regional micro-shear bond strength of dentin bonding agents to dentin, and to investigate the relationship between the micro-shear bond strength and two dentinal characteristics ; Vickers hardness and remaining dentin thickness. Twenty-four freshly extracted, noncarious human molars were selected for this study. The materials tested in this study consisted of two commercially available dentin bonding agents (MAC-BOND, ONE-STEP) and two restorative light-cured composite resins (AELITEFIL, Z100). The occlusal or side surface of tooth crown was sectioned to expose dentin, and the exposed surface was finally polished with # 600 sandpaper. Four groups of application methods were used combining the filling materials and the dentin bonding agents. The composite resin-attached tooth specimens were embeded in a cold cure acrylic resin, and were cut with a low speed diamond saw to the dimension of 1mm $\times$ 1mm. Nine specimens were obtained from each tooth. The cut specimens were divided into three groups depending on the position of the dentin bonding surface. The micro-shear bond strength, remaining dentin thickness, and dentinal hardness were measured. Experimental results were then statistically analyzed with ANOVA. t-test, Scheffe test, and regression analysis. From this experiment, the following results were obtained : 1. In the case of occlusal surface bonding, the pooled micro-shear bond strength of ONST-AELIT group (16.62 MPa) was significantly higher than that of MACB-AELIT group (9.91 MPa) (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the micro-shear bond strength depending on the dentin position (p>0.05). 2. In the case of side surface bonding of crown, the pooled micro-shear bond strength of four different bonding groups was not significantly different among each other (p>0.05). However, in three of the test groups (ONST-AELIT, MACB-Z100, ONST-Z100), the micro-shear bond strength to the lower 1/3(III) position was significantly lower than that to middle 1/3(II) position of surface (p<0.05). 3. In the ONST-AELIT bonding group, the pooled micro-shear bond strength to the occlusal surface was significantly lower than that to the side surface of crown (p<0.05). 4. There was no significant correlation between the micro-shear bond strength and dentin hardness / remaining dentin thickness (p>0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2015

Objectives: This study examined the effects of additional acid etching on the dentin bond strength of one-step self-etch adhesives with different compositions and pH. The effect of ethanol wetting on etched dentin bond strength of self-etch adhesives was also evaluated. Materials and Methods: Forty-two human permanent molars were classified into 21 groups according to the adhesive types (Clearfil SE Bond [SE, control]; G-aenial Bond [GB]; Xeno V [XV]; Beauti Bond [BB]; Adper Easy Bond [AE]; Single Bond Universal [SU]; All Bond Universal [AU]), and the dentin conditioning methods. Composite resins were placed on the dentin surfaces, and the teeth were sectioned. The microtensile bond strength was measured, and the failure mode of the fractured specimens was examined. The data were analyzed statistically using two-way ANOVA and Duncan's post hoc test. Results: In GB, XV and SE ($pH{\leq}2$), the bond strength was decreased significantly when the dentin was etched (p < 0.05). In BB, AE and SU (pH 2.4 - 2.7), additional etching did not affect the bond strength (p > 0.05). In AU (pH = 3.2), additional etching increased the bond strength significantly (p < 0.05). When adhesives were applied to the acid etched dentin with ethanol-wet bonding, the bond strength was significantly higher than that of the no ethanol-wet bonding groups, and the incidence of cohesive failure was increased. Conclusions: The effect of additional acid etching on the dentin bond strength was influenced by the pH of one-step self-etch adhesives. Ethanol wetting on etched dentin could create a stronger bonding performance of one-step self-etch adhesives for acid etched dentin.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.423-430
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ferric and ferric ions contained in phosphoric acid solution as a pretreatment solution on bonding of MMA/TBBO resin to dentin. Each of 1 % and 3 % ferric chloride. cupric chloride. cupric sulfate. and cupric nitrate was mixed into 10% phosphoric acid solution and pretreated dentin surface of bovine anterior teeth for 30 seconds followed- by water rinse and dry. Tensile bond strength was determined after bonding of pretreated dentin with MMA/TBBO resin by use of brush-on ;technique and storing for 24 hours in 3it distilled water. The amount of cupric ions adsorbed on pretreated dentin surface was detected by Wave-Dispersion X-ray microanalyzer for different groups of each pretreatment solution containing cupric salts. The pretreatment with cupric ions contained in 10% phosphoric acid solution was effective to increase bonding strength of MMA/TBBO resin to dentin but not in case of ferric ions. The pretreatment with 3 % cupric chloride and cupric nitrate both enhanced significant increase in bonding strength compared to the control group of 10% phosphoric acid solution(p<0.05). Cupric ions measured in pretreated dentin surface was higher in 3 % cupric chloride group than in 1% cupric chloride group, but couldn't find distinct relationship from the results of this experiment between the amount of adsorbed cupric ions according to the kind of cupric salts and the bonding strength value.