• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.701-722
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• 1997

It was reported that low dose doxycycline(LDD) regimen could inhibit pathologically elevated collagenase activity in the gingival crevicular fluid of petients with adult periodontitis without producing typical antibiotic side effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of LDD regimen(20mg) administered during non-surgical therapy on clinical index and gingival crevicular fluid enzyme activity in diabetics who are at high risk for periodontal disease. Forty-nine subjects having at least two sites with probing pocket depths greater than 4mm were selected. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the patients were administered 20 mg doxycycline capsule or placebo capsule b.i.d. for 2 weeks. Clinical parameters of dental plaque, gingival inflammation, probing pocket depth and probing attachment level were assessed at week 0, 2, 4, and 8. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected at the same time to evaluate the activities of collagenase and elastase. Clinical parameters and elastase activity were significantly reduced in all groups compared to the baseline value after treatment. Significantly greater reduction in pocket depth and gain in attachment level was shown in the LDD-administered group compared to placebo group in both adult periodontitis and diabetic patients. Total collagenase activity was also reduced significantly in all groups after treatment, but the greater reduction was seen in the LDD-administered diabetics group compared to relevant placebo group(at 4, 8week). Significantly greater reduction in active collagenase activity was also seen in the LDD-administered group compared to placebo group in diabetic patients(at 2, 4, 8week). These results indicated that use of low dose doxycycline could be aueseful adjunct to instrumentation therapy in the management of diabetic patient with periodontitis as well as adult periodontitis patient.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.111-121
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• 2005

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of mortality in adult population. Whereas the association between periodontal disease and coronary heart disease (CHD) are controversial, recent studies reported the association between periodontal disease and acute myocardial infarction or prognosis of CHD. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between periodontal disease and angiographically defined CHD, and acute myocardial infarction, and the prognosis of treated CHD. Patients under the age of 60 who had undergone the diagnostic coronary angiography were enrolled in this study, Subjects were classified as positive CHD (+CHD, n=37) with coronary artery stenosis more than 50% in at least one of major epicardial arteries, and negative CHD (-CHD, n=20) without stenosis. After recording the number of missing teeth, periodontal disease status was measured by means of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL), Positive CHD subjects were classified into acute myocardial infarction group (AMI), and non-AMI with angina pectoris and old myocardial infarction. Six months postoperatively, positive CHD subjects were followed and had undergone the coronary angiography again. Even though there was no significant difference in the periodontal parameters and status between positive CHD and negative CHD, some periodontal parameters, such as mean probing depth and proportion of sites with probing depth greater than 4mm or 6mm were significantly different between AMI and Non-AMI(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the periodontal parameters according to in angiographically follow-up status. These results indicate that periodontal disease may be associated with the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.364-366
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• 2004

본 연구는 차 카테킨인 EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate)에 의한 구강세균의 살균효과를 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 초기 세포밀도 $10^{7}$ cell/ml의 대상 세균에 대한 항세균 활성은 EGCG 1ml당 5mg에서 조사하였다. 선택 또는 복합배지상에서 집락생성단위(colony-forming unit, CFU)에 근거하여 EGCG의 항세균 활성은 농도에 비례하는 것을 확인하였다. Streptococcus mutans와 Streptococcus sobrinus는 5mg/ml의 EGCG에서 8시간 이내에 완전히 살균되었다. Lactobacillus acidophilus와 Lactobacillus plantarum도 동일한 조건에서 각각 2시간과 4시간 이내에 살균되었다. 2.5 mg/ml의 EGCG로 처리한 사람의 타액에서 유래하는 총 구강세균의 생존율을 BHI 고체배지상에서 조사하였으며, 총 구강세균은 10시간 이내에 완전히 살균되었다. MS 고체배지상에서 S. mitis and S. salivarius의 집락은 감소되었으며 배양 12시간 이내에서는 집락은 관찰되지 않았다. 그 결과, EGCG는 입냄새와 치석의 원인이 되는 구강세균을 살균시키고 충치를 예방하는 자연적이며 효과적인 물질임이 입증되었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.175-182
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• 2002

Dental caries is a chronic disease that causes the destruction of tooth structure by the interaction of plaque bacteria, food debris, and saliva. There has been attempts to induce remineralization by supersaturating the Intra-oral environment around the surface enamel, where there is incipient caries. In this study, supersaturated remineralized solution "R" was applied to specimens with incipient enamel caries, and the quantitative analysis of remineralization was evaluated using microradiography. Thirty subjects volunteered to participate in this study. Removable appliances were constructed for the subjects, and the enamel specimen with incipient caries were embedded in the appliances. The subjects wore the intra-oral appliance for 15 days except while eating and sleeping. The removable appliance were soaked in supersaturated solution "R", saline, or Senstime$^{\circledR}$ to expose the specimen to those solutions three times a day, 5 minutes each time. After 15 days, microradiography was retaken to compare and evaluate remineralization The results were as the following: 1. The ratio of remineralized area to demineralized area was significantly higher in the supersaturated solution "R" and Senstime$^{\circledR}$ than in the saline (p<0.05) 2. Remineralization in the supersaturated buffer solution "R" occurred in the significantly deeper parts of the tooth. compared to the Senstime$^{\circledR}$ group containing high concentration or fluoride. (p<0.05) As in the above results, the remineralization effect of remineralized buffer solution "R" on incipient enamel caries has been proven. For clinical utilization, further studies on soft tissue reaction and the effect on dentin and cementum are necessary In conclusion compared to commercially available fluoride solution. remineralization solution“R”showed better remineralization effect on early enamel caries lesion, so it is considered as effecient solution for clinical application.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.149-158
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• 1997

This research reached conclusions to prepare indications for activity of Oral health Instruction of the first grade in an elementary school by several items of Oral examination and investigation. 1. The frequency of brushing their teeth of the children that were examined was generally two times a day(64.42%) : it showed that it was the highest after breakfast (30.08%), and hardly any brushed their teeth after lunch(6.36%). 2. Most of the toothbrushes used were for children(97.46%), and the proper time to change their toothbrushes was less than two months(65.25%), but 31.37% of them used their toothbrushes for more than three mouths. 3. They usually used toothpaste. Those using toothpaste were 64.41%. By the way, for adults was the percentage 31.36%, and for those including fluorine it was 74.58%. 4. They mainly ate cookies, beverages, (coke, cider, etc.), fruit, bread, milk and so on for their dessert. 5. Most students had dental plaque (95.76%) : 14.4% of then had calculus and 23.73% had gingivitis. 6. The results of disclosing showed that twelve anterior teeth were colored. The Mandible was comparatively more severe than the Maxillary in the colored -degree. the low -right - laterial incisor was the most severe and the right central incisor was the most severe of the Maxillary. 7. The pressure of tooth - brushing showed that half of the students brushed their teeth severely. The width of the brushing movemtnts was more than 8mm for 51.70%, 5-8mm for 33.05% and less than 5mm for 15.25% Therefore 66.5% of them were shown to move their brushes insufficiently or oppositely. 8. When they brushed, the children who opened their mouth while brushing were more than those who kept their mouth closed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.280-287
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this randomized single-blind controlled trial was to elucidate the clinical and antimicrobial effects of daily phototherapy (PT) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with chronic periodontitis. Methods: The study was conducted from December 2013 to May 2014 at Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea. Forty-one patients with mild to moderate chronic periodontitis were randomly divided into two therapeutic groups in a 1:1 ratio: SRP+PT and SRP (control) groups. All participants underwent full-mouth SRP. PT was performed thrice a day for a month by using electric toothbrushes with embedded light-emitting diodes. Plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing were assessed before (baseline) and four weeks after (follow-up) the treatment. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sobrinus levels were detected by a real-time polymerase chain reaction at the same points in time. Results: The clinical parameters improved in both the groups. At the follow-up assessment, PPD was significantly decreased in the SRP+PT group (P=0.00). Further, PPD and CAL showed significantly greater changes in the SRP+PT group than in the SRP group (PPD, P=0.03; CAL, P=0.04). P. gingivalis and T. forsythia levels decreased in this group, but no significant intergroup differences were noted. Conclusions: Adjunctive PT seems to have clinical benefits, but evidence of its antimicrobial effects is not sufficient. Long-term studies are necessary to develop the most effective PT protocol and compare the effectiveness of PT with and without exogenous photosensitizers.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.330-336
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• 2000

A large number of streptococci that do not fit readily into any of the established classification schemes have been relegated to a large heterogeneous group called the Streptococcus viridans, which are members of the normal flora of the mucous membranes of the body, including the oral cavity, the nasopharynx, and genitourinary tract. This group includes S. mitis, S. oralis, S. sanguis, S. salivarius, S. milleri, etc. Surveying on the literature, it has been reported that infective endocarditis, meningitis, rhabdomyolysis, cholangitis, appendicitis caused by Streptococcus viridans, which were the most important pathogen in children with malignant hematologic disease. Various antibiotics has been chosen for treatment or prophylaxis for these infections, but were generally lower antimicrobial susceptibilities because of an abuse of antibiotics and advent of resistant group. Therefore, surveillant culture must be performed to evaluate personal antimicrobial susceptibilities of intraoral microbes for proper antimicrobial choice for dental procedures. This study examined sampling from subgingival plaque of 60 chidren's microbes. The cultured bacterial isolates, Streptococcus viridans were examined 10 antimicrobial drugs with the Kirby-Bauer agar disk diffusion method. The used drugs were Penicillin, Ampicillin, Oxacillin, Cephalothin, Imipenem, Gentamicin, Erythromycin, Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin. The results were as follows : 1. Sampling Streptococcus viridans were S. mitis(65%), S. oralis(22%), S. sanguis(5%), S. intermedius(3%), S. salivarius(2%), S acidominimus(2%), Unidentified streptococcus(2%). 2. The antimicrobial susceptibility of total Streptococcus viridans : Oxacillin< Erythromycin< Pencillin=Ciprofloxacin< Cephalothin< Ampicillin< Clindamycin< Gentamicin< Imipenem=Vancomycin. 3. The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. mitis : Oxacillin=Erythromycin< Ciprofloxacin< Cephalothin< Penicillin=Ampicillin< Gentamicin< Clidamycin< Imipenem=Vancomycin. 4. The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. oralis : Oxacillin< Erythromycin< Penicillin=Ciprofloxacin=Clindamycin< Cephalothin=Gentamicin< Ampicillin< Imipenem=Vancomycin. 5. There was no significant difference in the antimicrobial susceptibility among each Streptococcus viridans group.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2014

Chios Gum Mastic (CGM) is a natural resin extracted from the leaves of Pistacia lentiscus, a plant endemic to the Greek island of Chios. It has been used by traditional healers, and it has antibacterial, antifungal properties, and therapeutic benefits for the skin. The CGM reduces the formation of dental plaque and bacterial growth in oral saliva, and recent studies have demonstrated the role of antioxidant activity of CGM. Although CGM has been widely investigated, its protective effect against oxidative-damage to keratinocytes, as well as the relationship between CGM and autophagy, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the protective effect of CGM against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress and to evaluate the autophagic features induced by CGM in human keratinocytes. The pretreatment with CGM significantly reduced apoptosis in $H_2O_2$-exposed HaCaT cells. It promoted the degradation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9; and it induced the formation of the processed PARP. The treatment with CGM caused an increase in vesicle formation compared to control group. The level of p62 was reduced and the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II was increased in CGM treated HaCaT cells. Also, the treatment with CGM increased cleavage of ATG5-ATG12 complex. In summary, CGM helps the cells to survive under stressful conditions by preventing apoptosis and enhancing autophagy. Besides, the present investigation provides evidence to support the antioxidant potential of CGM in vitro and opens up a new horizon for future experiments.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.577-590
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite for patients who complained dental hypersensitivity. Before baseline of application of toothpaste with hydroxyapatite, tooth brushing instruction was done respectively and the several indices were measured at baseline, 2, 4, 8 weeks. Clinical indices were estimated, and responses to cold, compressive air, tactile stimulus were evaluated with verbal rating score. Relief effects and visual analogue scale were also evaluated. The results of this study were as follows 1. The occurrence rate of hypersensitivity in upper jaw was higher than that of lower jaws, and molar area showed more hypersensitivity than premolar and incisor area. Buccal site was hypersensitive followed by interproximal and lingual site. 2. Plaque index, gingival index and probing depth reduction were gradually improved after Tooth Brushing Instruction and using toothpaste. 3. Subjects showed most sensitive response to cold stimuli than compressive air and tactile stimuli. 4. The relief effect was increased during using tooth paste and complete relief was increased especially at 8 weeks. 5. Visual analogue scale was increased. In conclusion, it was confirmed that toothpaste containing microcrystalline hydroxyapatite have the relief effect of tooth hypersensitivity. During 8 weeks, stimulus responses were decreased and hypersensitivity relief effect was increased.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.445-457
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• 1997

Poor marginal fidelity resulting in a large marginal gap increases plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation and dental caries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal fit of three different cervical finishing methods of prepared teeth. A stereomicroscope was used to measure the space between the margin of restoration and the finishing line of prepared tooth. The results were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA and Multiple Range Test(Tukey's HSD). The results were as follows : 1. There were no significant differences concerning the types of tooth and positon (P>0.05), whereas the differences were statistically significant in case of cervical finishing methods (P<0.05). 2. There were statistically significant differences between before and after cementation (P<0.05). 3. In comparison according to variable margins after cementation, the gap discrepancies were increased in $130^{\circ}$ shoulder margin, chamfer margin and $90^{\circ}$ shoulder margin in ascending order, and there were significant differences between $90^{\circ}$ shoulder margin and chamfer, $130^{\circ}$ shoulder margin 4. In comparison according to variable margins, the gap discrepancies were increased in chamfer margin, $130^{\circ}$ shoulder margin and $90^{\circ}$ shoulder margin in ascending order, and there were significant differences between $90^{\circ}$ shoulder margin and chamfer, $130^{\circ}$ shoulder margin. 5. This study demonstrated a better marginal fit with all-ceramic crowns fabricated on chamfer and $130^{\circ}$ shoulder margin compared with $90^{\circ}$ shoulder margin.