• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was to estimate the prevalence of dementia in order to estimate the associations of dementia with its risk factors in the community elderly. Methods: The multistage random cluster sampling method was used to select the subjects. The response rate was 94.3%. For the 1st stage screening survey, the Korean-version Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) and the Bathel Index of activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) were used as primary screening tools. At the 2nd stage. diagnoses were confirmed according to the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CBR) and Computer Tomogram (CT). Results: Age-sex adjusted prevalence (%) [95% CI] of dementia was 6.25% [4.47-7.83] (male 4.21% [2.40-6.02]; female 8.28% [5.71-10.85]). Four statistically significant risk factors of the dementia were identified: age 70-74 (OR=1.367), age 75-79 (OR=1.712), age 80-84 (OR=2.465), age 85 over (OR=7.363) illiteracy (OR=3.827); unconsciousness after head injury (OR=3.383), and no exercise (OR=2.188). Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness-of-fit index of dementia risk model was E (legit of dementia)= -4.337+$0.312^*Age(70{\sim}74)+0.538^*Age(75{\sim}79)+0.902^*Age(80{\sim}84)+1.996^*Age$(85over)+$1.342^*$Illiteracy+$1.219^*$Unconsciousness after head trauma+$0.783^*$No exercise. We confirmed that the overall prevalence of dementia in adults aged 65 and older was 94.3%. The risk factors of dementia were explained by age, illiteracy unconsciousness after head trauma and no exercise. Conclusion: These data have been used to estimate the incidence of dementia in elderly community population and to manage the possible role of risk factors as predictors of dementia.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.306-316
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• 1999

Objectives: In Korea, as in most countries, there will be a sharp increase in the number of dementia patients in the near future. However basic data on dementia prevalence, which is important in defining epidemiologic characteristics and in implementing preventive strategy, are limited. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence rate of dementia in the urban elderly aged 65 or older in Kwangmyung, Korea. Methods: A two phase design was used for case finding and case identification. In phase I, a representative sample aged 65 or older was selected and interviewed by door-to-door survey with a Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE). In phase II, Of the 946 subjects interviewed in phase 1,356 elderly were randomly selected disproportionately according to K-MMSE score. Of these elderly, 223 (61.5%) underwent standardized clinical evaluations, including psychiatric interview, neurological examination, and neuropsychological assessment. Dementia was diagnosed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria. The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was made by National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and feinted Disorders Association(NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria and vascular dementia (VD) by DSM-IV. Results: The overall weighted prevalence rate of all dementia among Kwangmyung residents aged 65 or older was 12,8%(age-adjusted rate: 13,0%, 95% Confidence Interval[CI]: 10.6-15.3%). Women had much higher prevalence rate than men even when age was controlled(15.9%[95% CI 12.6-19.2%] vs 7.5%[95% CI 4.0-10.4%]), The rates of dementia were 5.2%, 12.2%, 17.0%, and 34.3% for the age groups of 65-69, 70-74, 75-79 and 80 and over, respectively. The rate of AD appeared to be slightly higher than that of VD(5.2% vs 4.8%), though not statistically significant. Most of the cases(69%) were mild dementia according to CDR(<1) in these subjects. Conclusions : These results showed that the prevalence rate of dementia among urban elderly in Korea appears to be higher than those of other Asian countries.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.351-358
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• 2005

Objectives : Dementia has rapidly increased with the prolongation of life expectancy and aging in Korea. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of, and find related factors for, dementia in an urban elderly population, using a newly developed screening method. Methods : Seven hundred and six people, aged over 65 years-old, in Dong district of Gwangju, Korea, were recruited using stratified cluster sampling, and completed Korean version of Geriatric Mental State Schedule B3 (GMS B3-K), the Korean version of the Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSID-K) and modified 10 word list-learning from the Consortium to Establish a Registry of Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Dementia was diagnosed by an algorithm derived from all three of these measures. Results : The crude and age adjusted prevalence rates of dementia were 13.0 and 11.5%, respectively. Age, education, marital status and a history of cerebrovascular disease were identified as factors related with dementia. Conclusions : The new instrument, using the GMS B3-K, CSID-K and modified 10 word list-learning from the CERAD, was considered effective as a community screening and diagnostic tool for dementia. The results of this study can also be used to develop a community-based prevention and management system for dementia in the future.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.521-532
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• 2018

Dementia, characterized by a progressive cognitive decline and a cumulative inability to behave independently, is highly associated with other diseases. Various cardiovascular disorders, such as coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation, are well-known risk factors for dementia. Currently, increasing evidence suggests that sex factors may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diseases, including cardiovascular disease and dementia. Recent studies show that nearly two-thirds of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease are women; however, the incidence difference between men and women remains vague. Therefore, studies are needed to investigate sex-specific differences, which can help understand the pathophysiology of dementia and identify potential therapeutic targets for both sexes. In the present review, we summarize sex differences in the prevalence and incidence of dementia by subtypes. This review also describes sex differences in the risk factors of dementia and examines the impact of risk factors on the incidence of dementia in both sexes.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.3-23
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of symptoms of dementia elderly on the primary caregiver's depression. In addition, moderating effect of family support was examined. Based on the results, the necessity for intervention in the level of social welfare as a way to mitigate primary caregiver's depression was suggested. Method: In order to accomplish these purposes, a total of 197 who are spouse and adult-children of dementia elderly using day care facilities or services in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Busan province, South Korea were utilized. Data were analyzed by frequency analysis and descriptive statistics, regression model analysis with SPSS 18.0. Results: In case of analysis results, the mean value was reported 0.9 out of four point about primary caregiver's depression and the mean value of family support was reported 3.34 out of five point. And besides, the analysis result of dementia elderly's symptoms showed that prevalence of depression/dysphoria were 62.2%, prevalence of aberrant motor were 61.3%, prevalence of apathy/indifference were 56.6%. Crucial findings are as follows: the symptoms of dementia elderly was significantly associated with the primary caregiver's depression. At the same time, family support significantly influenced lower level of the primary caregiver's depression. While, in the relationship between the symptoms of dementia elderly and the primary caregiver's depression, family support has a moderation effect by important protection factor. Conclusions: From these findings, the necessities to provide the care service for dementia elderly to help improve symptoms of dementia as well as the policy and service to manage the mental health of the family as primary caregiver were suggested. Also, the necessities to provide the family therapy program to improve the relationship with family members were suggested.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.221-237
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• 2003

As the population ages, health problems of the elderly, including functional disorders and cognitive impairment, have become some of the most important social issues in Korea. The purpose of this study is to discover the rate of prevalence and factors related to dementia among the elderly in Jeju Province. 2405 elderly in Jeju Province were interviewed, using a questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic characteristics： health behavior, quality of life, and MMSE-K. Prevalence of dementia was 9.4%(11.7% of females, 4.1% of males). Factors related to dementia, analyzed by multiple logistic regression, were age, working status, subjective health status, social support, and subjective economic status. In community health care for the elderly, factors relating to dementia have to be considered. When planning community health care, priority should be given to the elderly who： need care but live alone； lack social support； have a low standard of living； believe they are not in a good state of health； or whose life satisfaction is low.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was conducted to assess the level of agreement among survey instruments used to study dementia and to determine the prevalence rate of suspected dementia using different instruments. Subjects and Methods: A total 171 subjects older than 65 in Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, were surveyed from February to October 2003. The age, sex and educational level were examined through interview surveys, and cognitive function was evaluated using three survey instruments including MMSE-K, S-SDQ, and KDSQ. Results: The cognitive function scores obtained with the MMSE-K showed significant difference according to age. For sex and educational level significant differences were observed with all three survey instruments. The kappa index, the level of agreement between the questionnaires, was 0.302 between MMSE-K and S-SDQ, 0.401 between MMSE-K and KDSQ, and 0.762 between KDSQ and S-SDQ. The prevalence rate of suspected dementia based on the criteria suggested by MMSE-K, S-SDQ, and KDSQ was 27.5%, 15.2%, and 17.0% respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that caution is needed when comparing the measured cognitive function scores and analyzing the prevalence of dementia; this is because the prevalence of dementia and cognitive functions vary according to the questionnaires used.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.391-397
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was done to examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and any type of clinical dementia. Methods: Participants were 60,321 people over 60 years of age enrolled in the Seoul Dementia Management Project in 2011. K-MMSE was used to classify participants as having a cognitive impairment and the Clinical Dementia Rating or DSM-IV by psychiatrists or neurologists to determine whether participants were in the dementia group or the non-dementia group. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression analysis were performed. Results: In the univariate analysis, age, education level, living with spouse, BMI, alcohol consumption, and exercise were significantly associated with dementia. In multivariable analysis, increasing age was positively associated with dementia, and educational level was negatively associated with dementia. The exercise group had a lower prevalence of dementia than the non-exercise group. The odds ratio of dementia in the over-weight and obese groups compared to the normal group was 0.85 (95% CI 0.60, 0.98) and 0.64 (95%CI 0.46, 0.75), respectively. Conclusion: Results indicate that dementia is negatively associated with increasing BMI in people aged 60 years or older, but a prospective cohort study is needed to elucidate the causal effect relationship between BMI and dementia.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.202-209
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• 2017

South Korea is becoming an aging society, increasing the population with dementia. This study analyzed the characteristics of the trend of dementia patients by utilizing 12 years' worth of data from five V hospitals within metropolitan cities. The results show that there has been an 11.3 times increase in the total number of new dementia patients in these five hospitals from 410 in 2003 to 5,048 in 2014; and among them, the rate of increase was highest in P hospital with a 30.3 times increase. Conversely, there has been a 6-times increase in D hospital, illustrating a noticeable gap between these hospitals. Overall, these hospitals have shown an enormous increasing ratio. In an analysis according to age, it's been shown that those aged between 75 and 84 showed the highest prevalence, and most patients, approximately 93.5%, were 65 years or older, while 20.2% were 85 years or older, showing a high ratio of elderly among dementia patients. In an analysis by type of dementia, it's been shown that Alzheimer's was the most prevalent with 44.4%, followed by unspecified dementia with 33.3%, and vascular dementia with 20.4%. As evident by the outcome of the study, there's been a drastic increase in the number of dementia patients in the past 12 years; since the prevalence of dementia was shown to be higher with older age, it is expected that the number of dementia patients will rise further in these five hospitals, where there's a high ratio of elderly patients. More elaborate and continuous plans are necessary for the management of dementia patients following the growing number of dementia patients.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2003

Objectives : To investigate the prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly people, aged 65 or above, residing in Busan Metropolitan City. Methods : Total of 1,101 old people, aged 65 or above, living in Busan as of December 31, 2001 were selected using stratified three-stage cluster sampling. Cognitive impairment was determined from the MMSE-K score, and dementia confirmed from five psychometric measures and the Barthel index. The crude prevalence, sex-age adjusted for the Korean population, were obtained. Results : With the cut-off point for cognitive impairment was set at 24 points, or below, on the MMSE-K scale, the crude rate of cognitive impairment was 29.3% (15.7% for men and 37.5% for women), and the sex-age adjusted prevalence was 30.5% (17.5% for men and 37.0% for women). When the cut-off point for cognitive impairment was set at 20 points, or below, on the MMSE-K scale, the crude rate of cognitive impairments were 10.0% (4.1% for men and 13.5% for women), and 10.6% (4.7% for men and 13.1% for women), respectively. The crude dementia, and the sex-age adjusted rates were 7.4% (2.4% for men and 10.5% for women), and 8.0% (2.7% for men and 10.0% for women), respectively. Conclusions : The prevalence of dementia in this study was somewhat lower than that reported by other domestic and foreign studies. Our results related to the difference in time and space, diagnostic tools, response rates, and distribution of male and female subjects, etc.