• Allergy, Asthma & Respiratory Disease
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.303-309
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• 2018

Purpose: Foreign body aspiration in children is emergent and can cause serious complications. This study aims to show the clinical characteristics of foreign body aspiration and to analyze the clinical cases of delayed diagnosis to predict and prevent complications. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 63 children (48 in Inha University Hospital and 15 in Gachon University Gil Medical Center) who were diagnosed with foreign body aspiration through bronchoscopy from 1996 to 2017 in Incheon City, and analyzed clinical characteristics. Patients were divided into 3 groups: those were diagnosed within 24 hours, delayed after 24 hours, or delayed more than 7 days according to time elapse from the time of foreign body aspiration, and clinical characteristics of each group were compared. Results: Aspiration occurred in 58.7% at 1 year and 15.9% at 2 years. Cough (65.1%) and coarse breathing sound (41.3%) were most common, and radiologic findings were commonly presented as emphysema on the affected side (41.3%). Nuts were most common (42.9%), and there was no difference in the frequency between the right and left main bronchi. The documented history of foreign body aspiration was more frequently found in the early diagnosed group; however, sputum, fever, and complications were more frequent in the delayed diagnosed group. Conclusion: If a patient with respiratory disease has persistent fever or sputum, foreign body aspiration should be suspected.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.13-21
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• 2014

Late talkers are young children who are delayed in their expressive language skills despite normal nonverbal cognitive ability, adequate hearing and typical personality development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the sentence interpretation strategies used by Korean-speaking late talkers and age-matched normal children. Nine late talkers and nine normal children matched by age at 30-35months were participated in this study. 27 simple noun-noun-verb(NNV) sentences were generated by factorial combination of case-marker [nominal case-marker on the first noun and accusative on the second (C1), accusative on the first noun and nominative on the second (C2), and no case markers on both nouns (C0)], and animacy of the nouns [animate-inanimate(AI), inanimate-animate(IA), animate-animate(AA)]. All the children were asked to "act out" their interpretation of the given sentence. For each type of sentences the percentage of choices of the first noun as the agent was calculated. The results of group (2) ${\times}$ animacy(3) ${\times}$ case-marker(3) mixed ANOVA showed a significant main effect for 'animacy', 'case marker' and 'group(2) ${\times}$ case-marker (3)'. The late talkers relied on semantic (animacy) cues in their interpretation of the sentences, while the normal peers utilized both animacy and grammatical morpheme (case-marker) cues. The results indicated that the late-talkers' comprehension skills were also delayed.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.61-70
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• 2017

Objectives The purpose of this survey is to know the rehabilitation therapists' awareness on the oriental medicine treatments for developmentally delayed children. Methods We distributed questionnaires to 370 rehabilitation therapists and collected 260 of them. We analyzed the data from the collected 260 questionnaires. Results 1. 60% of the participants didn't know what the oriental medicine treatment pertains. 2. 28% of the participants were aware the benefits of the oriental medicine treatment, especially in improving physical fitness and general health. 3. 30% of the participants worried about the side effect of the oriental medicine treatment such as increasing liver somatic index, changing of body weight, muscle stiffness or pain. 4. 53% of the participants said they refer to western medicine primary care doctor when parents of young patients ask rehabilitation therapists about the oriental medicine treatment option for their children. 5. Many participants think that the oriental treatment option should be widely recognized and understood. Conclusions This study shows that the rehabilitation therapists' low awareness about the oriental medicine treatment option for developmentally delayed children.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2023

Objective : The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the sensory processing characteristics of parents of developmentally delayed children and parents of typically developed children on parenting stress. Methods : From July to August 2022, 61 parents of children with developmental delays and 64 parents of children with typical development who used occupational therapy services at pediatric clinics and child development centers were evaluated for parenting stress and sensory profiles. Results : In a multiple regression analysis on the effect of sensory processing characteristics on the total score of parenting stress, tactile processing (β = 0.353, p = 0.001), gender (β = 0.438, p = 0.000), and monthly income (β = -0.261, p = 0.014) significantly affected the parenting stress of the parents of children with developmental delay. In parents of typically developing children, tactile processing (β = 0.376, p = 0.002) and gender (β = -0.264, p = 0.024) were found to have a significant effect on parenting stress. Conclusion : Parental gender and tactile processing characteristics of developmentally delayed and typically developing children are significant influencing factors for parenting stress.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

This study investigated the development of complex sentences in the early utterances of Korean-Chinese children. The subjects were 47(20 2-year-old, 15 3-year-old, and 12 4-year-old) Korean-Chinese children living in China. Each child's spontaneous natural speech during interaction with his/her caregiver was videotaped for about 30 minutes and analyzed for Korean complex sentences using Kim's(2000) categories and Korean Computerized Language Analysis 2.0(2000). Results showed that older children were higher in Mean Length of Utterance and in number and frequency of word types than younger children. The language development of bilingual children was delayed compared with monolingual children but the developmental sequence between bilingual and monolingual children was similar.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.84-87
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• 2008

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is rare in children. especially in infants, in whom only 12 cases have been reported. Because of the nonspecificity of presenting symptoms in children, the diagnosis may be delayed. We report herein a case of SSEH in a 20-month-old girl who initially presented with neck pain, and developed lower extremity motor weakness and symptoms of neurogenic bladder 2 weeks prior to admission. The magnetic resonance imaging showed an epidural mass lesion extending from C7 to T4, and the spinal cord was severely compressed by the mass. After emergency decompressive surgery the neurologic function was improved immediately. Two months after surgery, the neurological status was normal with achievement of spontaneous voiding. We suggest that surgical intervention can provide excellent prognosis in case of SSEH in infants, even if surgery delayed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1076-1082
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• 2009

This study investigated caregivers' communication styles and children's emotional development. Emotion-laden puzzle tasks were used to elicit caregivers' communication styles while interacting with their children. Participants included children with Down syndrome (N=10) and typical children (N=15) and their caregivers. As expected, caregivers of children with Down syndrome (DS) used more behavior and attention directives with their children, and caregivers of typical children used more conversation-eliciting prompts with their children. Parents of children with Down syndrome also used a unique communication style in which they asked a question and immediately answered it themselves. Additionally, caregivers of typical children focused more on emotion concepts in their communications with their children and caregivers of DS used more cognitive concepts such as labeling colors and shapes. The results revealed that caregivers of children with Down syndrome usually tried to educate children by emphasizing cognitive concepts to compensate for their delayed development. Because the children are delayed in their emotional development, parents may need help in intervening on the area of emotional development.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2019

Background: High doses of methotrexate (MTX) are often used in various chemotherapy protocols to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in children, but its delayed elimination increases the occurrence of adverse events, such as bone marrow suppression. The aim of this study was to investigate the elimination of MTX at 24 and 48 hours. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed electronic medical records of ALL or NHL pediatric patients who received $5g/m^2$ MTX infusion over 24 hours (between June, 2012 and July, 2018) at the Yonsei University Health System, Korea. The delayed elimination of MTX concentrations was assessed with 100 or $150{\mu}M$ MTX at 24 hours, and 2 or $5{\mu}M$ at 48 hours. Results: Among the 85 MTX cycles administered, 23 cycles were classified in delayed elimination group, and 62 cycles showed normal elimination. At 24 hours, the delayed elimination group with MTX concentration > $100{\mu}M$ showed higher percentage than group with MTX concentration < $100{\mu}M$ (45.8% vs. 19.7%, p = 0.015). However, no differences were observed at $150{\mu}M$ MTX (p = 0.66). At 48 hours, the delayed elimination was higher than the normal elimination at both concentration baselines (p < 0.001 at $2{\mu}M$, p = 0.024 at $5{\mu}M$). Conclusions: MTX concentrations greater than $100{\mu}M$ show high probability of delayed elimination at 24 hours. When MTX levels are above normal, leucovorin and hydration regimens should be continued to prevent delayed elimination.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.158-165
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• 2002

Purpose: We designed this retrospective study to establish the incidence of diagnosic delay in children diagnosed with acute appendicitis and to identify associated factors with delayed diagnosis and its impact on the clinical course. Methods: All cases of children under 15 years of age who underwent appendectomy from 1996 to 2001 at Gangneung Asan Hospital were reviewed. We reviewed signs and symptoms, type of health professional first contacted, the advice given by the health professional and a history of appendicitis in first degree relatives. Diagnostic period is the time elapsed between first complaints and definitive diagnosis. Delay was defined as diagnostic period exceeded the 48 hours. Postoperative course and complications were also reviewed. Results: Incidence of diagnostic delay differed by whether diarrhea and fecalith on X-ray were present. Also children whose parents were advised to observe them at home were more likely to have a diagnostic delay. In almost half of the cases in delayed group, initial diagnosis was not acute appendicitis but gastroenteritis. The perforation rate in non-delayed group was 22%, whereas 87% in delayed group. The delayed group showed a higher number of postoperative complication and a longer hospitalization period. Conclusions: Diarrhea with abdominal pain and fever in children should not be dismissed as gastroenteritis, respiratory infections or other common disorders. Our study suggests that physicians have a responsibility to prevent diagnostic delay and resultant perforation of acute appendicitis in children by having a high index of suspicion about acute appendicitis.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.245-258
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• 2021

Objectives: In many previous studies, endocrine disruptors (EDCs) have been found to affect delays in puberty. Various EDCs have been reported on, but there have been only limited epidemiologic studies on the effects of exposure to environmental heavy metals and pyrethroid pesticides on puberty delay. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association of exposure to environmental mercury, cadmium, and pyrethroid pesticides with delayed puberty in children based on national survey data that represents Korean children. Methods: We selected 450 children at the ages of 9-11 years old from the third Korean National Environmental Health Survey (3rd KoNEHS). The relations of urinary Hg, Cd, and 3-PBA with pubertal development were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: Urinary Hg levels were significantly associated with delayed puberty in boys [testicle development: OR=0.41 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.84); genitalia development: OR=0.35 (95% CI: 0.15, 0.81)]. Girls with higher Hg levels were more likely to experience delayed menarche [OR=0.23 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.90)]. We observed a significant 49% reduction in odds for menarche per increasing unit of urinary cadmium levels [OR=0.51 (95% CI: 0.24, 1.01)]. In addition, urinary 3-PBA showed a negative association with genitalia development in boys and menarche in girls [genitalia development: OR=0.73 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.96); menarche: OR=0.56 (95% CI: 0.32, 1.00)]. Conclusions: The results of this study support the hypothesis that exposure to environmental mercury, cadmium and pyrethroid pesticides may affect puberty delays. Additional evidence needs to be obtained through further prospective studies.