• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제39B권10호
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• pp.691-699
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• 2014

네트워크 수명을 연장시키기 위해 무선 센서 네트워크에서는 idle listening에 소비되는 에너지를 줄일 수 있는 듀티-사이클 MAC 프로토콜들이 제안되었다. 일반적인 듀티-사이클 MAC 프로토콜에서 각 센서 노드는 잔여 에너지양을 기반으로 듀티-사이클 주기를 계산한다. 그러나 에너지 수집이 가능한 센서 네트워크에서 기존 듀티-사이클 주기는 에너지 수집률이 높은 센서 노드에 불필요한 sleep 지연을 발생시킨다. 따라서 우리는 이전 연구에서 잔여 에너지양과 에너지 수집률을 함께 고려하여 듀티 사이클-주기를 조절하는 듀티-사이클 스케줄링 기법을 제안하였다. 그러나 이러한 듀티-사이클 MAC 프로토콜들은 듀티 사이클-주기 변화에 따른 성능 차이를 고려하지 않고 듀티-사이클 주기를 항상 선형적으로 조절하므로, 응용의 요구사항에 맞는 최적의 듀티 사이클 주기를 얻지 못한다. 본 논문에서는 듀티-사이클 주기를 계산하는 세 가지 기법들을 제안하고 그 결과에 대해 분석한다. 실험을 통해 제안된 기법들이 기존 듀티-사이클 스케줄링 기법에 비해 네트워크 수명, 단대단 패킷 전송 시간과 패킷 전송률을 각각 최대 23%, 44%, 31% 증가시킴을 확인하였다.

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제32A권8호
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• pp.31-38
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• 1995

In this paper, we consider the leaky bucket parameter dimensioning problem in the presence of the cell delay variation(CDV) which arises at the customer premises network dud to the multiplexing with other traffic streams. We consider an ATM multiplexer in which a single CBR stream and several heterogeneous VBR traffic streams are multiplexed. Choosing an MMPP model for the bursty traffic streams, we derive an (MMPP+DD)/D/1/K queueing model for the evaluation of the CDV experienced by the CBR stream. We first evaluate the equilibrium queue length distribution embedded at tagged-cell arrival-time instants, based on whcih we calcuate the inter-cell time distribution and the distribution kof the number of tagged-cell departures in an arbitrary interval. Then we apply the analysis to the dimensionging problem of the leaky bucket parameters, examining how the employed traffic model affects the determination of the bucket size. Through numerical examples, we confirm that the Poisson traffic model can underestimate the bucket size, thus causing a considerable blocking probability for compliant use cells while the MMPP model can optimally design the bucket size which keeps the blocking probability under the target value.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2014

This paper presents an adaptive wide-area damping controller (WADC) based on generalized predictive control (GPC) and model identification for damping the inter-area low frequency oscillations in large-scale inter-connected power system. A recursive least-squares algorithm (RLSA) with a varying forgetting factor is applied to identify online the reduced-order linearlized model which contains dominant inter-area low frequency oscillations. Based on this linearlized model, the generalized predictive control scheme considering control output constraints is employed to obtain the optimal control signal in each sampling interval. Case studies are undertaken on a two-area four-machine power system and the New England 10-machine 39-bus power system, respectively. Simulation results show that the proposed adaptive WADC not only can damp the inter-area oscillations effectively under a wide range of operation conditions and different disturbances, but also has better robustness against to the time delay existing in the remote signals. The comparison studies with the conventional lead-lag WADC are also provided.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2004년도 ICEIC The International Conference on Electronics Informations and Communications
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• pp.310-312
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• 2004

Binary Exponential Back-off (BEB) scheme is widely adopted in both wire and wireless networks for collision resolution. The BEB suffers from several performance drawbacks including long packet delay and low utilization since it doubles the back-off size after each collision. In addition, operation of the BEB algorithm may lead to the last-come-first-serve result among competing users and the BEB is further unstable for every arrival rate greater than 0 due to its random access property[1,2]. In this paper, we propose a deterministic back-off algorithm to reduce contention interval as much as possible for accessing the channel without collision in the back-off process. Simulation results show that our scheme offers a higher throughput as well as a lower packet transfer delay than the BEB by taking advantage of its lower collision ratio in saturation state.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제37A권12호
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• pp.1106-1114
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• 2012

In order to provide high data rate and real time services under maritime environment, link-level performance of ship ad-hoc network (SANET) based on 3GPP LTE and IEEE 802.11p (WAVE) specifications are investigated and discussed in this paper. The measured maritime channel, whose delay spread is longer than the length of guard interval (GI) of both 3GPP LTE and IEEE 802.11p specifications, is adopted for the link-level simulations. For the purpose of eliminating inter-symbol interference (ISI) due to insufficient GI length, double antenna pattern (DAP) scheme and advanced time-domain decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) are proposed for LTE and WAVE systems, respectively. The proposed DFE removes the ISI in a same manner as the residual inter-symbol interference cancellation (RISIC) algorithm, but the inter-carrier interference (ICI) is reduced via cyclicity removal instead of cyclicity restoration used in the RISIC algorithm. Compared with existing schemes, our proposed DFE is a robust technique to overcome the severe ISI channel which has a comparatively large delay spread. Based on simulation results, not only comparisons between systems are discussed, but also some reformative suggestions are given.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제53권8호
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• pp.407-414
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• 2004

In this paper, a new gray scale expression method that divides the scan lines into multiple blocks is suggested. The proposed method can drive 16 sub-fields per 1 TV field in the panel with XGA ($1366{\times}768$) resolution. The on and off states of even subfields depend on the condition of odd subfields. The write address mode is used in the odd subfields, while the erase address mode is used in the even subfields. Because the ramp reset pulse is applied every 2 sub-fields, both the contrast ratio and the dynamic voltage margin are sufficiently obtained in comparison with previous AWD (Address While Display) methods. In realizing 16 subfields, shortening the scan time in the erase address period was important. The X bias voltage in the erase address period affected the minimum address voltage but did not the delay time of the address discharge. The delay time of the address discharge was affected by the address voltage and the time interval between the last sustain discharge and the scanning time. We also evaluated the dynamic false contour. New method shows an improved image quality in horizontal moving, but discontinuous lines were observed at the boundaries of each block in vertical moving

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권10호
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• pp.3851-3866
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• 2015

The dynamic nature of opportunistic networks results in long delays, low rates of success for deliveries, etc. As such user experience is limited, and the further development of opportunistic networks is constrained. This paper proposes a prediction-based routing method for opportunistic networks (PB-OppNet). Firstly, using an ARIMA model, PB-OppNet describes the historical contact information between a node pair as a time series to predict the average encounter time interval of the node pair. Secondly, using an optimal stopping rule, PB-OppNet obtains a threshold for encounter time intervals as forwarding utility. Based on this threshold, a node can easily make decisions of stopping observing, or delivering messages when potential forwarding nodes enter its communication range. It can also report different encounter time intervals to the destination node. With the threshold, PB-OppNet can achieve a better compromise of forwarding utility and waiting delay, so that delivery delay is minimized. The simulation experiment result presented here shows that PB-OppNet is better than existing methods in prediction accuracy for links, delivery delays, delivery success rates, etc.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.1158-1162
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• 2018

안티-하모닉락 기능을 가지는 고속-락킹 MDLL 기반의 디지털 클락 주파수 증배기를 소개한다. 제안하는 디지털 주파수 증배기는 하모닉락 문제 없이 빠른 락킹 시간을 구현하기 위하여 새로운 MSB-구간 검색 알고리즘을 사용한다. 제안하는 디지털 MDLL 주파수 증배기는 65nm CMOS 공정으로 설계되었으며, 1 GHz ~ 3 GHz의 출력 동작주파수 영역을 가진다. 제안하는 디지털 MDLL은 프로그래머블한 N/M (N=1, 4, 5, 8, 10, M=1, 2, 3)의 분수배 주파수 증배 기능을 제공한다. 제안하는 MDLL은 1GHz에서 3.52 mW의 전력을 소모하고, 14.07 ps의 피크-투-피크 (p-p) 지터를 갖는다.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제39권3_4호
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• pp.419-435
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• 2021

This paper deals with numerical treatment of singularly perturbed differential equations involving small delays. The highest order derivative in the equation is multiplied by a perturbation parameter 𝜀 taking arbitrary values in the interval (0, 1]. For small 𝜀, the problem involves a boundary layer of width O(𝜀), where the solution changes by a finite value, while its derivative grows unboundedly as 𝜀 tends to zero. The considered problem contains delay on the convection and reaction terms. The terms with the delays are approximated using Taylor series approximations resulting to asymptotically equivalent singularly perturbed BVPs. Inducing exponential fitting factor for the term containing the singular perturbation parameter and using central finite difference for the derivative terms, numerical scheme is developed. The stability and uniform convergence of difference schemes are studied. Using a priori estimates we show the convergence of the scheme in maximum norm. The scheme converges with second order of convergence for the case 𝜀 = O(N^-1) and for the case 𝜀 ≪ N^-1, the scheme converge uniformly with first order of convergence, where N is number of mesh intervals in the domain discretization. We compare the accuracy of the developed scheme with the results in the literature. It is found that the proposed scheme gives accurate result than the one in the literatures.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.16-24
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• 2000

본 논문에서는 긴 왕복 지연시간(round trip delay)이 시스템 성능의 주요 제한 요소로 작용하는 DS/CDMA 기반의 저궤도 이동 위성 시스템에서 가변 스텝사이즈(step size) 방식을 적용한 폐루프(closed loop) 전력제어방식의 성능분석을 수행하였다. 저궤도 위성 통신 채널은 지상의 이동통신 채널과는 근본적으로 다른 긴 왕복 지연 시간이나 앙각(elevation angle)과 같은 고유의 페이딩 효과를 반영하여야 하므로 ESA(Europe Space Agency)의 실측 된 데이터를 기반으로 하여 저궤도 이동통신 채널모델을 구현하였다. 통상적으로 저궤도 위성 시스템에서 위성을 통한 이동 단말기와 관문국사이의 왕복 지연시간은 10∼20ms이므로, 지상에서 사용되는 폐루프 전력제어의 효과는 극히 제한적이고 미미하므로 긴 왕복시간 이나 앙각에 따른 페이딩을 효과적으로 극복하기 위해서는 가변 스텝사이즈 조절방식을 적용한 적응적인 전력제어 방식이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 가변 스텝사이즈 조절 방식을 적용한 폐루프 전력제어 방식의 성능을 평가한 결과, 고정 스텝사이즈를 갖는 기존의 폐루프 전력제어 방식보다 왕복 지연시간과 앙각에 따른 신호 대 간섭비(signal to interference ratio; SIR)의 편차값이 현저히 감소됨을 확인하였다. 특히, 전력제어 명령을 측정하는 구간이 왕복 지연시간의 두 배정도가 가장 최적이라는 결론을 얻었다.