• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2016

In the present study, fast and robust methods for the next generation sequencing (NGS) were developed for analysis of PRRSV full genome sequences, which is a positive sensed RNA virus with a high degree of genetic variability among isolates. Two strains of PRRSVs (VR2332 and VR2332-R) which have been maintained in our laboratory were used to validate our methods and to compare with the sequence registered in GenBank (GenBank accession no. EF536003). The results suggested that both of strains had 100% coverage with the reference; the VR2332 had the coverage depth from minimum 3 to maximum 23,012, for the VR2332-R from minimum 3 to maximum 41,348, and 22,712 as an average depth. Genomic data produced from the massive sequencing capacities of the NGS have enabled the study of PRRSV at an unprecedented rate and details. Unlike conventional sequence methods which require the knowledge of conserved regions, the NGS allows de novo assembly of the full viral genomes. Therefore, our results suggested that these methods using the NGS massively facilitate the generation of more full genome PRRSV sequences locally as well as nationally in regard of saving time and cost.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.15-25
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• 2013

In this study, two kinds of soil-based proficiency testing materials (PTMs), NICE-012L and NICE-012R were prepared and certified for Benzen, Toluene, Etylbenzene and Xylene with evaluation of uncertainties. In order to analyse BTEX (Benzen Toluene Etylbenzene Xylene) for the candidate materials, GC/MS was used after pretreatment according to methods of soil analysis by Ministry of Environment. For the homogeneity test among bottles in terms of candidate materials, ISO 13528 and IUPAC Protocol were used and according to the result, both candidate materials showed sufficient homogeneity. Also, the stability test over the candidate materials was accessed according to the ISO Guide 35 by classifying short-term and long-term stability and the result showed that both candidate materials showed decent stability. The reference values of the two candidate materials depending on BTEX components were derived from the average of the 11 samples that were used for verification of the samples' homogeneity. Uncertainty of measurement was combined by uchar that was caused by a characteristic value, $u_{bb}$ that was caused by between-bottle homogeneity, and $u_{stab}$ that was caused by stability, and then combined uncertainty ($u_{PTM}$) was multiplied to the coverage factor (k) derived from the effective degree of freedom from each factor that leads to expanded uncertainty (U) in about 95% of confidence level. The proficiency testing materials developed through this study were supplied to National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) and utilized as an external proficiency testing materials for evaluating analysis capacity of soil agencies with specialty in terms of soil analysis approved by Minister of Environment.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2000

In world trade, the vessel traffic in major routes has been congested due to the rapid increase of cargoes and shipping tonnages. The patterns of vessel traffic have also been complicated and diversified. Therefore it was necessary that the Vessel Traffic Service(VTS) should be established in order to enhance the safety of navigation, to prevent the loss of life and damage to the environment. The first advanced radar surveillance system(LevelIII-VTS) was introduced in Pohang, Korea in 1993 and in 13 other ports later. While the hardware of Korea VTS is equal to that of an advanced country, the software, specially the operation manual, the recruitment and education of VTS operator, and the VTS service area is behind that of Russia, USA, Germany, Hong Kong, Singapore and others. After researching and investigating. the VTS equipment and service area of many countries, and analyzing the IMO regulations relevant to VTS and the traffic pattern and accident of Pohang port, the most efficient VTS service area should be established in Pohang. According to the analysis of the preceding studies and research on VTS, the worldwide VTS areas are recognized under the following conditions: First, the service area should be extended over at least radar coverage taking into account of traffic flow, traffic density, the degree of danger to navigation and harbour condition in order to provide all possible services. Second, the established service area should be subdivided and systematized to render reliable VTS services, such as the allocation of VHF frequency and reporting procedure in each area. In conclusion, the VTS service area of Pohang must be established and operated over 10 miles from shore(radar site) covering the radar coverage, so as to include the area of traffic congestion and high density traffic flow.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.130-138
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• 1999

The lower extremity injuries are extremely increasing with the development of industrial & transportational technology. For the lower extremity injuries that result from high-energy forces, particularly those in which soft tissue and large segments of bone have been destroyed and there is some degree of vascular compromise, the problems in reconstruction are major and more complex. In such cases local muscle coverage is probably unsuccessful, because adjacent muscles are destroyed much more than one can initially expect. Reconstruction of the lower extremity has been planned by dividing the lower leg into three parts traditionally The flaps available in each of the three parts are gastrocnemius flap for proximal one third, soleus flap for middle one third and free flap transfer for lower one third. Microvascular surgery can provide the necessary soft tissue coverage from the remote donnor area by free flap transfer into the defect. Correct selection of the appropriate recipient vessels is difficult and remains the most important factor in successful free flap transfer. Vascular anastomosis to recipient vessels distal to the zone of injury has been advocated and retrograde flow flaps are well established in island flaps. Retrograde flow anastomosis could not interrupt the major blood vessels which were essential for survival of the distal limb, the compromise of fracture or wound healing might be prevented. During 5 years, from March 1993 to Feb. 1998, we have done 68 free flap transfers in 61 patients to reconstruct the lower extremity. From analysis of the cases, we concluded that for the reconstruction of the lower extremity, free flap transfer yields a more esthetic and functional results.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제59권2호
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• pp.83-91
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 소나무재선충을 매개하는 매개충 솔수염하늘소와 북방수염하늘소에 대하여 무인항공기(무인헬리콥터)를 이용하여 유인항공용 방제 약제의 약효 및 약해를 조사하였다. 약효는 소나무와 잣나무의 수간을 3등분한 곳에 대상 곤충을 케이지에 넣어 매달아 두어 살충효과를 조사하였다. 시험약제로는 티아클로프리드 액상수화제, 아세타미프리드 미탁제, 플루피라디퓨론 액제를 각각 33배로 희석하여 살포하였고, 감수지를 이용하여 살포 약제의 낙하입자를 측정하고 피복도를 조사하였다. 약제 살포에 의한 주변 비산거리 및 비산량을 조사하였다. 세 약제 모두 솔수염하늘소, 북방수염하늘소에 대하여 96%이상의 우수한 살충 효과를 보였다. 낙하입자 분석 결과 낙하입자는 균일한 양상을 보였다. 주변 비산 현상 분석 결과, 약제 살포시 무인헬리콥터 진행방향으로 20 m의 비산을 보였고, 좌우, 후방으로 10 m의 비산이 확인되었다. 낙하입자수에 의한 비산량 조사 결과, 모든 방향에서 5 m내에서 낙하입자지수 6-7이였고, 10 m지점에서는 낙하입자지수 2를 기록하였다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.224-235
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• 1996

Early implantation before sufficient ossification has taken place usually results in osseointegartion failure due to reduced bone-fixture interface area. However, various studies have shown successful osseointegration results following immediate implants concurrently with GTR. The clinical trends have been to shorten the patients' edentulous state by immediate implantation, and reduce the alveolar bone resorption. However, it may be difficult to attain the complete soft tissue coverage of the sites, increasing the chance of infection. Furthermore, there may be more studies needed on the clinical behaviors of e-PTFE membranes, various modofications in the membrane materials and bone graft materials. Various animal and clinical studies have been reported on the successful osseointagration following immediate implantation, but the long-term follow-up studies are limited. The present study investigated 16 immediately-implanted implants with GTR therapy with or without calcium carbonate grafting on 11 patients 3 years after installation and 24-30 months after functional loading. Based on the clinical, radiographic and histologic findings, the following results have been attained. 1. Clinically, stability has been shown on all 16 implants throughout the investigated periods. 2. Radiologically, the alveolar bone loss has progressed up to the polished neck portion but not beyond it, suggesting the progressive osseointegration from the GTR therapy. 3. The GTR method used in the present study is easy to use clinically, and may be appied in the regeneration of ossoeous defects around implants and in the immediate implantation. 4. The difficulty in complete tissue coverage may be avoided by delaying the installation for 2 to 3 weeks after the extraction allowing certain degree of soft tissue healing.

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제30A권1호
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• pp.51-63
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• 1993

기존의 알고리듬들이 완전히 검출하지 못하는 차수 2나 3의 연결된 2-결합고장을 검출하기 위하여 "알고리듬 다"가 제안되었다. 제한된 3-결합고장을 검출하는 "테스트1*", "테스트2*" 및 "알고리듬 라"가 제안되었다. "테스트1*"는 제한된 3-결합고장을 검출하는 측면에서 기존의 알고리듬들보다 시간복잡도가 감소되었다. "테스트2*" 및 "알고리듬 라"는 기존의 알고리듬들과 비교하여 시간복잡도가 감소되었고 개선된 고장 검출능력을 가진다. 그리고 요구하는 고장 검출정도에 따라 "알고리듬 라"를 순차적으로 수행시킬 수 있으며, 메모리를 병렬테스트하는 경우에 "알고리듬 라"를 수행시키면 시간복잡도가 상당히 개선된다. 비선형 번지순서를 발생시키고 두 번지부분으로 분할하여 반도체 RAM의 결합고장을 검출하는 MT(March Test)는 차수 3의 연결된 2-결합고장보다 복잡한 결합고장은 완전히 검출될 수 없다는 것이 입증되었다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.877-891
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• 1998

교정장치의 직접부착을 위하여 일반적으로 사용되고 있는 산부식법의 대체가능 방법중 하나는 결정형성법이며, 폴리아크릴산과 황산이온은 결정형성액의 주요 물질로 알려져 왔다. 이 연구는 황산이온농도와 폴리아크릴산의 농도변화가 결정형성에 미치는 영향을 관찰하여 결정형성용액에 관한 기초자료를 획득하기 위하여 시행되었다. 분자량 5,000의 폴리아크릴산을 $10\%,\;20\%,\;30\%$ 및 $40\%$ 용액으로 만들고, 각각의 용액에 황산이온 농도가 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.3M, 0.5M 및 1.0M이 포함되는 총 20가지의 실험용 결정형성용액을 제조하고, 이들을 법랑표면에 60초간 반응시킨 후, 주사전자현미경 사진을 촬영하여 결정 피복도, 결정 길이 및 결정형태 분포의 균일성을 평가하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 폴리아크릴산 용액은 법랑질 표면을 경미하게 부식시켰으며, 농도에 따른 부식효과의 차이는 없었다. 2. 폴리아크릴산의 농도는 결정형성에 적은 영향을 미쳤다. 특히 $20\%-40\%$사이의 폴리아크릴산 용액은 결정형성에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 3. 황산이온 농도는 결정형성의 주요인자이다. 0.2M이상의 황산이온이 포함된 폴리아크릴산 용액에서 결정이 형성되었다. 4. $20\%\~40\%$ 폴리아크릴산 용액에 포함된 황산이온농도가 결정 피복도에 미치는 영향은 황산이온 농도가 어느한도까지 증가하면 결정 피복도도 증가하나 그 이상에서는 감소하는 경향으로 나타났다. 이 실험에서는 0.5M황산이온이 포함된 실험용액이 가장 높은 결정 피복도를 나타냈으며, 최대의 결정 피복도를 나타내는 황산이온 농도는 0.5M, 혹은 0.5M에서 1.0M사이에 있을 것으로 추정되었다. 5. 폴리이크릴산 용액내의 황산이온 농도가 증가할수록 결정길이는 작아지는 경향을 보였다. 6. 폴리아크릴산 용액내의 황산이온 농도는 결정 형태의 분포에 영향을 미친다. 황산이온의 농도가 낮을수록 spherulitic형 배열의 결정형성이 증가하고, 황산이온농도가 증가하면 무정형 배열의 결정형성이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 7 이 연구에서 가장 양호한 실험용 결정형성용액은 0.5M 황산이온이 포함된 $30\%$ 폴리아크릴산 용액이었다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.261-273
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• 2010

본 연구는 왕제비꽃 자생지의 환경요인, 토양 특성 및 식생을 조사하고 각 요인들 간의 연관성을 파악하여 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행되었다. 조사 결과 왕제비꽃의 자생지는 총 7개 지역으로 해발고도 343-991 m에 위치하고 있었으며, 경사는 $1-33^{\circ}$로 대부분 북사면에 군락을 형성하였다. 토성은 대부분 사양토로 확인되었으며, 포장용수량은 평균 28.97%, 유기물함량은 16.63%, pH는 5.62, 유효 인산함량은 14.75 ${\mu}g/g$으로 나타났다. 18개 방형구에서 조사된 관속식물은 총 133분류군이었으며, 교목층에는 고로쇠나무와 신갈나무가 우점하였고, 아교목층에서는 고로쇠나무가 가장 높은 중요치를 보였다. 초본층에서는 왕제비꽃의 중요치가 9.66%로 가장 높았으며, 다음으로는 벌깨덩굴(8.53%), 개별꽃(6.51%), 피나물(5.15%), 큰괭이밥(4.52%), 덩굴개별꽃(4.15%) 등이 높게 나타나 이 종류들이 왕제비꽃과 비슷한 환경을 선호하는 것으로 판단된다. 종다양도는 1.32였으며, 우점도와 균등도는 각각 0.08과 0.89로 산출되었다. 환경특성과 식생조사 및 토양분석 결과를 바탕으로 한 상관분석 결과 왕제비꽃의 피도는 미사 및 모래함량, 관목층 이상 상층수목의 피도는 종풍부도와 높은 연관성을 보였다. 식생구조에 따른 군집분석 결과는 크게 3개의 군으로 구별되었다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.141-153
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• 2023

Biological pump processes generated by diatom production in the surface water of the Southern Ocean play an important role in exchanging CO₂ gas between the atmosphere and ocean. In this study, the biogenic opal content of the sediments was measured to elucidate the variation in the primary production of diatoms in the surface water of the Southern Ocean since the last glacial period. A piston core (COR-1bPC) was collected from the Conrad Rise, which is located in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. The sediments were mainly composed of siliceous ooze, and sediment lightness increased and magnetic susceptibility decreased in an upward direction. The biogenic opal content was low (38.9%) during the last glacial period and high (73.4%) during the Holocene, showing a similar variation to that of Antarctic ice core ΔT and CO₂ concentration. In addition, the variation of biogenic opal content in core COR-1bPC is consistent with previous results reported in the Antarctic Zone, south of the Antarctic Polar Front, in the Southern Ocean. The glacial-interglacial biogenic opal production was influenced by the extent of sea ice coverage and degree of water column stability. During the last glacial period, the diatom production was reduced due to the penetration of light being limited in the euphotic zone by the extended sea ice coverage caused by the lowered seawater temperature. In addition, the formation of a strong thermocline in more extensive areas of sea ice coverage led to stronger water column stability, resulting in reduced diatom production due to the reduction in the supply of nutrient-rich subsurface water caused by a decrease in upwelling intensity. Under such environmental circumstances, diatom productivity decreased in the Antarctic Zone during the last glacial period, but the biogenic opal content increased rapidly under warming conditions with the onset of deglaciation.