• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.246-253
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• 2015

Background & Object: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes ankylosis and deformation of axial joints. Since current medicine cannot cure the disease yet, alleviating pain and preventing deformation with medications are the main therapy for patients with AS. The key medications for these purposes include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) inhibitors. This study aims to analyze prescribing patterns of AS patients in South Korea. Method: National Patients Sample data compiled by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service from 2013 was analyzed. Patients with AS were identified with Korean Standard Classification of Diseases code-6, which was M45. The rates of prescription, discontinuation, and switching ingredients were calculated for each medication during 2013. Results: Total number of patients was 655, and most of them were male (n = 514, 78.5%). Of all age groups, the proportion of 30-40 year old patients was the greatest (35.1%). The most utilized drug class was NSAIDs (82.4%). Less than half of patients were prescribed $TNF-{\alpha}$ inhibitors (n = 212, 32.4%). Meloxicam, aceclofenac, and celecoxib were the most frequently prescribed NSAIDs. In case of $TNF-{\alpha}$ inhibitors, adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab were the top three most prescribed drugs. Although not recommended by the current practice guideline, significant proportions of patients were identified using disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Conclusion: Considering the current practice guideline and previous studies about the efficacy, the use of DMARDs should be reduced and medical insurance term in South Korea should be re-examined.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2012

PURPOSES : This study evaluated the field applicability and laboratory performance of warm-mix asphalt (WMA) as an alternative technology in asphalt pavement. METHODS : The pilot road using two different types of WMA mixture and one HMA mixture was constructed in Waegwan-Seokjeok road construction site and the mixtures were sampled at the asphalt plant for laboratory testings. The field applicability was assessed in environmental aspects, such as $CO_2$ emission, and in aspects of constructibility using the existing equipment and procedure, i.e., thickness and density measurement. The laboratory testings included the moisture susceptibility test by AASHTO T283, dynamic modulus test, triaxial repeated load permanent deformation test, and the fatigue test. RESULTS : The temperatures for production and compaction of WMA were $20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ lower than those for HMA and therefore, the noxious gas emission were significantly reduced. The field density of WMA pavements was similar or better than that of HMA pavement. From the laboratory testings, it was found that WMA mixtures exhibit comparable performance to HMA mixture in moisture susceptibility, permanent deformation, and fatigue performance. CONCLUSIONS : With these results, it would be concluded that WMA could replace the existing HMA technology without any significant issue. To support this conclusion, it is necessary to track the long-term performance of WMA in pilot road.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.37-57
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• 2020

This work investigates a new type of quasi-3D hyperbolic shear deformation theory is proposed in this study to discuss the statics and free vibration of functionally graded porous plates resting on elastic foundations. Material properties of porous FG plate are defined by rule of the mixture with an additional term of porosity in the through-thickness direction. By including indeterminate integral variables, the number of unknowns and governing equations of the present theory is reduced, and therefore, it is easy to use. The present approach to plate theory takes into account both transverse shear and normal deformations and satisfies the boundary conditions of zero tensile stress on the plate surfaces. The equations of motion are derived from the Hamilton principle. Analytical solutions are obtained for a simply supported plate. Contrary to any other theory, the number of unknown functions involved in the displacement field is only five, as compared to six or more in the case of other shear and normal deformation theories. A comparison with the corresponding results is made to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the present theory. The influences of the porosity parameter, power-law index, aspect ratio, thickness ratio and the foundation parameters on bending and vibration of porous FG plate.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1562-1570
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• 2003

The prediction of the inelastic behavior of the structure is an essential part of reliability assessment procedure, because most of the failures are induced by the inelastic deformation, such as creep and plastic deformation. During decades, there has been much progress in understanding of the inelastic behavior of the materials and a lot of inelastic constitutive equations have been developed. The complexity of these constitutive equations generally requires a stable and accurate numerical method. The radial return mapping is one of the most robust integration scheme currently used. Nonlinear kinematic hardening model of Armstrong-Fredrick type has recovery term and the direction of kinematic hardening increment is not parallel to that of plastic strain increment. In this case, The conventional radial return mapping method cannot be applied directly. In this investigation, we expanded the radial return mapping method to consider the nonlinear kinematic hardening model and implemented this integration scheme into ABAQUS by means of UMAT subroutine. The solution of the non-linear system of algebraic equations arising from time discretization with the generalized midpoint rule is determined using Newton method and bisection method. Using dynamic yield condition derived from linearization of flow rule, the integration scheme for elastoplastic and viscoplastic constitutive model was unified. Several numerical examples are considered to demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the present method.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2009

여름철 아스팔트의 표면 온도 상승으로 인한 도로의 소성변형과 겨울철 온도 강하로 인한 도로균열이 도로안전운전을 위협하는 문제로 등장하면서 아스팔트 물성향상을 위한 아스팔트개질의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 소성변형 저항성을 증가시키기 위해 소성변형의 직접적인 원인인 햇빛을 이용하기 위해, 고분자중합에 사용되는 광개시제를 사용하여 개질아스팔트를 제조하였다. 인장시험기와 레오미터를 이용하여 기계적 물성과 유변적 물성을 실험한 결과 개질아스팔트는 자외선에 의한 분자간 결합으로 인해 인장강도와 저장탄성률이 크게 증가하였다. 열분석에서는 온도에 따른 잔류 무게 분율이 증가하는 거동을 보여 분자간 결합이 가교반응의 결과임을 나타내었다. 장시간 자외선조사 시험에서는 조사시간이 길어짐에 따라 그 물성이 증가되거나 유지되는 거동을 보임으로써 사용수명이 연장될 수 있는 효과를 나타내었다.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.217-222
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• 2010

여름철 아스팔트의 표면 온도 상승으로 인한 도로의 소성변형과 겨울철 온도 강하로 인한 도로균열이 도로안전 운전을 위협하는 문제로 등장하면서 아스팔트 물성향상을 위한 아스팔트개질의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 아스팔트의 탄성과 소성변형저항성을 증가시키기 위해 아스팔트 물성 노화의 직접적 원인인 햇빛, 특히 자외선을 이용하기 위해, 고분자중합에 사용되는 광개시제를 사용하여 고분자로 개질된 아스팔트를 다시 개질하였다. 인장시험기와 레오미터를 이용하여 기계적 물성과 유변학적 물성을 실험한 결과 열가소성고분자개질아스팔트는 자외선에 의한 가교반응으로 인해 인장강도와 저장탄성률이 크게 증가하였으나 열경화성고분자개질아스팔트에는 영향을 끼치지 못하였다. 장시간 자외선조사 시험에서는 조사시간이 길어짐에 따라 그 물성이 증가되거나 유지되는 거동을 보임으로써 자외선이 아스팔트의 사용수명이 20년이 될 수 있는 효과를 나타내었다.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2013

중온 아스팔트 포장공법은 밀입도 아스팔트 포장공법 대비 생산 및 포설온도를 낮추어 생산 및 시공이 가능한 포장공법으로 연료 소모량과 온실가스 배출량 면에서 효과가 우수하다. 본 연구에서는 중온 개질 아스팔트 포장의 장기 현장 공용성을 평가하기 위하여 시험포장이 실시 된 구간에 대해 미끄럼 저항성, 소성변형, 평탄성과 같은 현장실험을 수행하였다. 현장실험 결과 미끄럼 저항성은 공용 20개월 후에도 공용초기와 같이 S1 위험도 1기준을 만족시켰으나 소성변형, 평탄성에서는 공용기간에 따라 다소 감소추세를 보였다. 그러나 현장실험이 수행된 구간은 버스정류장으로 중차량 통행량이 많고 중차량인 버스의 출발과 정지가 반복되는 가혹한 환경조건에 노출되어 있음을 고려하였을 때 소성변형, 평탄성의 감소추세는 수용할 수 있는 정도이다. 균열의 경우 공용 11개월 후에는 관찰되지 않았으나 공용 20개월 후 에는 미세한 균열이 발생한 것을 관찰 할 수 있었는데 이는 첨가된 섬유로 인해 혼합물의 균열 저항성이 향상된 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2018

현수교 주 케이블은 케이블 밴드의 볼트 축력에 대한 정기적인 유지 관리가 매우 중요하다. 현수교 케이블 밴드의 볼트 축력은 시간이 경과함에 따라 케이블 소선의 크리프 현상, 볼트의 릴렉세이션, 하중 변동, 케이블 소선의 재배열 등으로 인해 축력 감소 현상이 발생하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 국내 현수 교량(SR대교)의 케이블 밴드가 시간이 경과하면서 발생하는 축력 감소 현상에 대해 그 원인 및 감소량 등에 대한 현장 측정 및 이론적 검토, 안전율 검토, 장기적인 이력 관리 등을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 케이블 밴드 볼트 축력 감소는 주 케이블 소선에 사용된 아연 도금층의 소성 변형에 크게 영향받는 것을 확인하였으며, 이에 대한 이론적 체계 및 장기 이력 관리에 대한 적용성을 확립하였다.

• 턱관절균형의학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2022

Objectives: For the deviation phenomenon occurring during the treatment process in temporo-mandibular balancing medicine (TBM), hypotheses were established regarding the cause and mechanism of formation from the perspective of neuro-science and material mechanics, and a verification method was proposed. Methods: The deviation phenomenon was theoretically analyzed based on the structure theories of material mechanics of the joint and the neurological pain mechanism. Results: Deviation occurs due to temporary yield by the accumulation of heterogeneous stress in the temporo-mandibular joint and the affected joint. Because the joint structures are corresponding with material mechanics showing compressive and tensile properties. The size of the deviation is expressed in terms of strain. The occlusal surface of the teeth is level with the axial joint. Since the magnitude of the deviation has a proportional relationship with the degree of abnormality of the temporo-mandibular joint, the magnitude of the deviation calculated by the balance measurement can be replaced by the strain. The major variables involved in the occurrence of deviations are the strength of joint structures and neurological conditions. Therefore plastic deformation and adaptation occur as a long-term depression of neural circuits is strengthened in different ways at different locations each time in various clinical situations. This is the reason why the sequence of the restoration process while correcting deviations is following reverse order of the accumulation in many layers in the muscular nervous system. Conclusions: From the above results, it can be inferred that the occurrence and correction of the deviations are corresponding with the plastic deformation and neuro-plasticity.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.503-517
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• 2022

This paper presents the mechanical buckling of bi-directional functionally graded sandwich beams (BFGSW) with various boundary conditions employing a quasi-3D beam theory, including an integral term in the displacement field, which reduces the number of unknowns and governing equations. The beams are composed of three layers. The core is made from two constituents and varies across the thickness; however, the covering layers of the beams are made of bidirectional functionally graded material (BFGSW) and vary smoothly along the beam length and thickness directions. The power gradation model is considered to estimate the variation of material properties. The used formulation reflects the transverse shear effect and uses only three variables without including the correction factor used in the first shear deformation theory (FSDT) proposed by Timoshenko. The principle of virtual forces is used to obtain stability equations. Moreover, the impacts of the control of the power-law index, layer thickness ratio, length-to-depth ratio, and boundary conditions on buckling response are demonstrated. Our contribution in the present work is applying an analytical solution to investigate the stability behavior of bidirectional FG sandwich beams under various boundary conditions.