• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.16
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• pp.24-30
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• 1998

This experiment was carried out to elucidate and study about plant defense mechanism subjected to water stress(drought, flooding). We measured water content, total soluble protein content as stress marker and superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase (CAT) as antioxidant enzymes subjected to water stress(drought, flooding) and recovery in soybean leaves. The results obtained were as follows; Two soybean lines(keonolkong, euhakong)leaves exposed to water stress (drought, flooding) showed premature senescence as evidence by the decrease in water content, and total soluble protein content, but those of soybean leaves subject to water stress recovery for 3 days were recovered. Visual damage was much worse at drought stress than flooding stress and was worse keunolkong than enhakong. The activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase subjected to water stress(drought, flooding)was on the decrease, but degree of decrease was different from a sort of soybean lines, drought and flooding stress.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.647-652
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• 2021

In this study, Saussurea Lappa roots were extracted using ethanol and n-hexane, and also the effects on proliferation of human hair dermal papilla cells and fibroblast and related signaling pathway were evaluated. 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was conducted for cell proliferation effect of Saussurea Lappa root extract, and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), serine/threonine protein kinase (Akt), wingless-related integration site (Wnt)/𝛽-catenin signaling pathway, and 5𝛼-reductase expression through western blot analysis were measured. Saussurea Lappa root extract significantly increased human hair dermal papilla cells and propagation of fibroblast, promoted phosphorylation of ERK and Akt that get involved in cell proliferation. Additionally, Saussurea Lappa root extract significantly decreased promotion of Akt phosphorylation and cell proliferation by MEK/ERK inhibitor PD98059 and PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002. Also, Saussurea Lappa root extract induced intranuclear 𝛽-catenin accumulation by promoting phosphorylation of 𝛽-catenin (Ser552, 675) through phosphorylation of GSK-3𝛽 (Ser9), and suppressed activation of 5𝛼-reductase type I and II. Overall, Saussurea Lappa root induces cell proliferation through vitalization of ERK and Akt route of human hair dermal papilla cells and fibroblast and apoptosis defense mechanism, and can be helpful in hair loss prevention and hair growth by vitalizing the 𝛽-catenin signaling pathway and inhibiting activation of 5𝛼-reductase, which can be used as a potential hair care products.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.944-953
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• 2021

Lignin is a complex phenylpropanoid polymer abundant in the cell walls of vascular plants. It is mainly presented in conducting and supporting tissues, assisting in water transport and mechanical strength. Lignification is also utilized as a defense mechanism against pathogen infection or wounding to protect plant tissues. The monolignol precursors of lignin are synthesized by cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). CAD catalyzes cinnamaldehydes to cinnamyl alcohols, such as p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols. CAD exists as a multigenic family in angiosperms, and CAD isoforms with different functions have been identified in different plant species. Multiple isoforms of CAD genes are differentially expressed during development and upon environmental cues. CAD enzymes having different functions have been found so far, showing that one of its isoforms may be involved in developmental lignification, whereas others may affect the composition of defensive lignins and other wall-bound phenolics. Substrate specificity appears differently depending on the CAD isoform, which contributes to revealing the biochemical properties of CAD proteins that regulate lignin synthesis. In this review, details regarding the expression and regulation of the CAD family in lignin biosynthesis are discussed. The isoforms of the CAD multigenic family have complex genetic regulation, and the signaling pathway and stress responses of plant development are closely linked. The synthesis of monolignol by CAD genes is likely to be regulated by development and environmental cues as well.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• no.121
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• pp.93-121
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• 2018

Deleuze and Guattari criticise in Anti-Oedipus theory of desire of Freud and Lacan as the idealist conception of desire as lack(fantasy) and try to search for a possibility of materialistic theory of desire. They criticise that Freud and Lacan trap the desire into the model of oedipal model and cut the flux of Libido of desire. This paper looks out for the different reason for the interpretation between psychoanalysis and schizoanalysis about the desire into the difference of interpretation about the 'repression' and 'the unconscious'. From this first of all, it examines the aspect of repression in Freud and Lacan, and it searchs for the meaning of distinction between 'psychic repression' and 'social repression' according to the interpretation in Deleuze and Guattari. Secondly, Freud and Lacan understand the unconscious as the region drived out by the defense mechanism of the mind activity, or the dimension of the unconscious structured like language. On the contrary, Deleuze and Guattari approach entirely differently interpretation about the unconscious. This paper analyzesespecially the unconscious of orphan, the unconscious productive and the unconscious molecular in the midst of manifold and new interpretation about the unconscious. In conclusion, it shows that the problem of desire and inhibition completely differently can be considered according to the new interpretation about the unconscious. It tries to serarch for the practical adaptability of schizoanalysis in Deleuze and Guattari on the real society.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.443-469
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• 2018

In the sixty year since the first launch of Sputnik 1, it has become impossible to consider economic, political, or scientific human life in the communication field without reference to outer space. But, there is a growing groundswell of public opinion aimed at preventing arms race in space. Therefore it is necessary to establish some institution or mechanism such a code of conduct, international law. But every nation has a different posture on the grounds of national interest, or different levels of space development, the conditions required for the successful negotiation of a comprehensive treaty are not yet ripe. It is hoped that by beginning with soft measures (TCBM, Code of Conduct) for which it is easier to secure voluntary participation it may be possible to build up to a comprehensive treaty. The participation of the Space powers (US, Russia, China) in a dialogue of mutual exchange and shared information would contribute to international peace and give a long term benefit to humankind. It is also necessary to promote partnership through regional and bilateral cooperation. We should guide and shape opinion so that more nations ratify and sign existing international legal covenants in order to contribute to the efficency of Space law. International law needs to enforce PAROS and Space Security.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.323-328
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• 2019

Tuberculosis, a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), differs in its status latency and activity because of the characteristics of MTB, immune status of the host, and genetic susceptibility. The host defense mechanism against MTB is caused mainly by interactions between macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells. CD44 is expressed in activated T cells when infected with MTB and regulates lymphocyte migration. In addition, CD44 mediates leukocyte adhesion to the ECM and plays a role in attracting macrophages and $CD4^+$ T cells to the lungs. Therefore, genetic polymorphism of the CD44 gene will inhibit the host cell immune mechanisms against MTB. This study examined whether the genetic polymorphism of the CD44 gene affects the susceptibility of tuberculosis. A total of 237 SNPs corresponding to the CD44 genes were analyzed using the genotype data of 443 tuberculosis cases and 3,228 healthy controls from the Korean Association Resource (KARE). Of these, 17 SNPs showed a significant association with the tuberculosis case. The most significant SNP was rs75137824 (OR=0.231, CI: 1.51~3.56, $P=1.3{\times}10^{-4}$). In addition, rs10488809, one of the 17 significant SNPs, is important for the tuberculosis outbreak can bind to the JUND and FOS transcription factors and can affect CD44 gene expression. This study suggests that polymorphism of the CD44 gene modulates the host susceptibility to tuberculosis in a variety of ways, resulting in differences in the status of tuberculosis.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.291-298
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• 2019

We describe the improvement of insulation performance and the prevention of electrolyte leakage in a single cell in order to prevent the fuming phenomenon caused by leakage of electrolyte in a lithium secondary battery in a submerged weapon (torpedo) operated in Korea. A torpedo using lithium secondary battery as a main power source (propulsion battery) can induce the heat and fuming phenomenon, which makes it inconvenient for naval equipment operation in Korea. In the simulation test, the electrolyte of some battery cells leaked in the battery pack unit, leading to a short circuit between the main power circuit and the terminal tab of the high voltage part. We analyzed the characteristics and mechanism of the lithium secondary battery during this heat generation and fuming phenomenon. In order to prevent leakage of the electrolyte in the lithium secondary battery, the design was improved via fundamental (terminal tap enhancement) and complementary (insulation block selection and installation) measures. Comparison of the performance test before and after the improvement showed that the tensile strength of the tap terminal was improved about 2 times and the withstand voltage characteristic was improved. The application of quality improvement measures resulted in no fuming even after more than 3 years of field operation. This result is expected to improve the operation and storage stability of the torpedo propulsion cell.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.333-340
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• 2021

Although gag reflex is an essential function and a useful physiological defense mechanism, it can become an obstacle in a dental treatment. In this case, a questionnaire was designed and used in consultations to objectify the factors associated with gag reflex. Based on the questionnaire, various treatment protocols were planned, such as behavioral control, which is a systematic desensitization that adapts by placing dental instruments in the oral cavity, and habit control to eliminate vomiting habits after drinking. Except for the placement of the implant fixture under general anesthesia, all restoration procedures were performed in the outpatient clinic in the same manner as the conventional implant fixed prosthetic restoration. The systematic desensitization and behavior technique were repeated until the patient was able to endure discomfort and relieve gag reflex in dental treatment. The patient was successfully received the implant-fixed prosthetic restoration in the partial edentulous region.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.499-506
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• 2021

Hackers' cyber attack techniques are becoming more sophisticated and diversified, with a form of attack that has never been seen before. In terms of information security vulnerability standard code (CVE), about 90,000 new codes were registered from 2015 to 2020. This indicates that security threats are increasing rapidly. When new security vulnerabilities occur, damage should be minimized by preparing countermeasures for them, but in many cases, companies are insufficient to cover the security management level and response system with a limited security IT budget. The reason is that it takes about a month for analysts to discover vulnerabilities through manual analysis, prepare countermeasures through security equipment, and patch security vulnerabilities. In the case of the public sector, the National Cyber Safety Center distributes and manages security operation policies in a batch. However, it is not easy to accept the security policy according to the characteristics of the manufacturer, and it takes about 3 weeks or more to verify the traffic for each section. In addition, when abnormal traffic inflow occurs, countermeasures such as detection and detection of infringement attacks through vulnerability analysis must be prepared, but there are limitations in response due to the absence of specialized security experts. In this paper, we proposed a method of using the security policy information sharing site "snort.org" to prepare effective countermeasures against new security vulnerability attacks.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.347-355
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• 2020

Several sensors have been developed for soil and plants to assess plant stress due to climate change. Therefore, the objective of the study is to nondestructively evaluate temperature stress on plant by monitoring climatic and soil conditions and plant responses using various sensors. Plant responses were monitored by electrical conductivity in plant stem and sap flow rate. Electrical conductivity in plant stem reflects the physiological activity of plants including water and ion transport. Fully grown Brassica oleracea var. italica was exposed to 20/15 ℃ (day/night) with 16 h photoperiods as a control, low temperature 15/10 ℃, and high temperature 35/30 ℃ while climatic, soil, and plant conditions were monitored. Electrical conductivity in plant stem and sap flow rate increased during the day and decreased at night. Under low temperature stress, electrical conductivity in plant stem of Brassica oleracea var. italica was lower than control while under high temperature stress, it was higher than control indicating that water and ion transport was affected. However, chlorophyll a and b increased in leaves subjected to low temperature stress and there was no significant difference between high temperature stressed leaves and control. Free proline contents in the leaves did not increase under low temperature stress, but increased under high temperature stress. Proline synthesis in plant is a defense mechanism under environmental stress. Therefore, Brassica oleracea var. Italica appears to be more susceptible to high temperature stress than low temperature.