• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.61
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• pp.3-28
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• 2014

This study describes the buyer's remedies regarding defects in title under CISG. Although CISG stipulates the seller's liability for the delivery of conforming goods physically at Art. 35 and legally at Art. 41 and Art. 42 respectively, the buyer's remedies are not distinguished between non-conformity governed by Art. 35 and defects in title governed by Art. 41 and Art. 42. If the seller does not fulfill his obligation under Art. 41 and Art. 42 to deliver goods which are free from third party claims, the buyer should pay attention to which remedies are available under CISG. Under CISG, for defects in title in the delivered goods, the buyer is entitled to require performance in Art. 46 (1) unless he has resorted to a remedy which is inconsistent with this requirement, to declare the contract avoided by strictly limiting the situation in which the failure by the seller to perform his obligation amounts to a fundamental breach of contract in Art. 49, to claim damages in Art. 74, and to suspend the performance of his obligation where it becomes apparent that the seller will not perform a substantial part of his obligation in Art. 71 (1). Unlike Art. 35 non-conformity, the buyer may not require delivery of substitute goods under Art. 46 (2), claim repair under Art. 46 (3), and declare price reduction for title defects under Art. 50.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2001

The purpose of this thesis was to provide the basic data for landscape architecture of apartment constructions and to minimize the users´ and builder´ loss in terms of finance and landscape due to defects in planting. After a review of literature related to defects of planting work, the researcher investigated the defects in planting of landscape plants on the basis of data from the drawing and defect-repair construction of 50 civil apartment complexes in Daegu and Kyongbook are from 1994 to 1998. The defect-ratio was analysed in terms of the species, shapes, and sizes of trees. It provides matters for consideration in terms of the design of the landscape planting on the apartment unit. It also provided the future directions for landscape architecture in apartment constructions with regard to the selection of the planting trees, etc., given statistics on defect occurrence. The causes of defect of the landscape planting trees were not studied accurately in this study due to the board range of researched area, the differences of the planting ground environment, the management ability, and the parameters of judging planting defects. It is recommended that those areas should be researched in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.9-17
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• 2010

Complex products may present more than one type of defects and these defects are not always of equal severity. These defects are classified according to their seriousness and effect on product quality and performance. So, demerit systems are very effective systems to monitor the different types of defects. Recently, Kang et al.(2009) proposed the revised Demerit-CUSUM for the evaluation of the Demerit-CUSUM control chart performance exactly. In this paper, we present an advanced Demerit control chart using the double EWMA technique. The double EWMA technique is very efficient and strong method for process control where defects and nonconformities occur with various defect types. Moreover, we compare exact performance of Demerit-CUSUM, Demerit-EWMA and Demerit-DEWMA control chart according to changing sample size or mean shifts magnitude. By the result, we confirm that the performance of Demerit-DEWMA control chart is more than the performance of the Demerit-CUSUM and Demerit-EWMA control chart.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.153-163
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of radiographs in detecting experimental bony defect in the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus. For this study, experimentally five skulls were used, the bony defects with a diameter of 5mm were created at different locations in the posterior wall of the right maxillary sinus and the bony defects of 10mm were created at different locations in the posterior wall of th maxillary sinus. Panoramic view, panoramic sinus view, water's view, and computed tomogram were taken and the results analyzed. The obtanined results were as follows: 1. The panoramic view was superior to the panoramic sinus view in detecting the bony defects in the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus. 2. Panoramic view, panoramic sinus view, and waters's view were limitation to the detection of the bony defects in the posterior wall of the maillary sinus. 3. All the bony defects in the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus were excellently visualized on the computed tomogram.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1102-1105
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• 2003

The fiber drawing process induced defects in silica fiber have been investigated. This study has focused on the Oxygen Deficient Centers (ODCs) and E' centers induced by the fiberization process in low-OH silica fibers. To investigate those defects induced by the fiberization process, the optical absorption spectrum and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) have both been employed. The concentration of Oxygen Deficient Centers (ODCs) and E' centers are increased by the fiber drawing process. The population of defects in the neck-down region has also been investigated. The most significant generation of defects during fiber drawing process has been shown to occur in this region of silica preform. The population of defects is higher on the edge region than in the center of neck-down region.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.427-432
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• 1999

Most investment castings contain some porosities and microcavities. In this study, we investigated the elimination trends of various internal defects in IN738LC investment castings for industrial gas turbine blade by hot isostatic pressing. The results showed that cylindrical defects which are under $0.6mm{\Phi}{\times}7mm$ size are mostly eliminated and aspect ratio of defects is more sensitive factor than their cross section shape in removing these defects. Increasing hot isostatic pressure and holding time doesn't affect the elimination trend of cylindrical defects over $0.6mm{\Phi}{\times}7mm$ size because first step(plastic deformation) of HIP densification doesn't occur under these HIPping conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.340-340
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• 2010

Various structures of vacancy defects in graphene layers and carbon nanotubes have been reported by high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) and those arouse an interest of reconstruction processes of vacancy defects. In this talk, we present reconstruction processes of vacancy defects in a graphene and a carbon nanotube by tight-binding molecular dynamics (TBMD) simulations and by first principles total energy calculations. We found that a structure of a dislocation defect with two pentagon-heptagon (5-7) pairs in graphene becomes more stable than other structures when the number of vacancy units is ten and over. The simulation study of scanning tunneling microscopy reveals that the pentagon-heptagon pair defects perturb the wavefunction of electrons near Fermi level to produce the $\sqrt{3}\;{\times}\;\sqrt{3}$ superlattice pattern, which is in excellent agreement with experiment. It is also observed in our tight-binding molecular dynamics simulation that 5-7 pair defects play a very important role in vacancy reconstruction in a graphene layer and carbon nanotubes.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2018

Industrially, die-casting products are formed through casting, and so the methods to inspect the defects inside them are very restrictive. External inspection methods including visual inspection, sampling judgment, etc. enables researchers to inspect possible external defects, but x-ray inspection equipment has been generally used to inspect internal ones. Recently, they have been also applying three-dimensional internal inspections using CT equipment. However, they have their own limitations in applying to the use of industrial inspection due to limited detection size and long calculation time. To overcome the above problems, this paper has suggested a method to inspect internal defects by comparing the CAD data of the product to be inspected with the 3D data of the CT image. In this paper, we proposed a method for fast and accurate inspection in three dimensions by applying x-ray inspection to find internal defects in industrial parts such as aluminum die casting products. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, a series of experiments have been carried out.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.1587-1592
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• 2021

The effects of the symmetrical tilt Σ5 (310) <001> grain boundary (GB) on the evolution of radiation-induced point defects in pure δ-plutonium (Pu) were studied by Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The evolution of radiation-induced point defects was obtained when primary knock-on atom (PKA) was respectively set as -15 Å and 15 Å far from the GB and the number of residual defects was obtained as the distance from PKA to GB was changed. According to the results, compared with vacancies, interstitial atoms were more easily absorbed by GB. In addition, the formation energy of point defects was also calculated. The results showed that there was almost no difference for the formation energy of vacancies in the all matrix. However, the formation energy of interstitial atoms close to the GB was lower than that in the other bulk regions.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.319-326
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• 2022

Direct extrusions of an aluminum 7075 alloy were carried out using 1500 ton machine with and without die cooling system. Cooling of extrusion die has been performed by the flow of liquid nitrogen and controlled by laser thermometer. Billet was 180 mm in diameter and 500 mm in length. The preheating temperatures of billet, container and die were 390℃, 400℃ and 450℃, respectively. Ram speed was kept with 1.25 mm/sec first. The change of ram speed was carried out during extrusion according to the observation of surface defects such as crack or tearing. Extrudates of 8.3 m in length, 100 mm in width and 15 mm in thickness were obtained to observe and analyze surface defects by optical microscopy and EBSD (Electron BackScattered Diffraction). In case of extrusion without die cooling cracks on the surface and tearing in the corner of extrudate occurred in the middle stage and developed in size and frequency during the late stage of extrusion. At the extrusion with die cooling the occurrence of defects could be suppressed on the most part of extrudate. EBSD micrographs showed that cracks and tearings have been resulted from the same origin. Surface defects were generated at the boundaries of grains formed by secondary recrystallization due to surface overheating during extrusion.