• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.61-83
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• 2020

From 1959 to 1984, over 93,000 Koreans moved to North Korea from Japan as part of a repatriation project conducted during this time. Among them were people who had escaped from North Korea and immigrated to Japan and South Korea as well as the descendants of such people. This research examines the immigration trajectories of North Korean defectors related to the repatriation project and its effects on international relations in East Asia in a migration systems context. Specifically, it focuses on 26 North Korean defectors who have connections with Japan and settled in Japan and South Korea. It argues that the migration pathways of North Korean defectors linked with the repatriation project have been constructed with the cooperation of and amidst conflict between East Asian countries. To respond to the situation, North Korean defectors used their connections with Japan in amicable relations between Japan and China. However, after the relations went sour, defectors turned to informal transitional networks. If these strategies were unavailable, the defectors faced difficulties, unless they received social or capital support from the destination countries. After entering the destination country, those who settled in Japan have experienced different situations due to the inconsistency in administrative proceedings, while those in South Korea have been treated equally as other defectors. In this sense, some defectors have faced precarious situations in their immigration.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.524-530
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• 2017

북한주민들의 탈북은 과거와는 달리 단순한 탈출이 아닌, 더 나은 삶을 추구하기 위한 이주의 성격을 가진다. 본 연구의 목적은 북한이탈주민의 적응 실태와 그에 따른 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구는 북한이탈주민의 현황 및 적응실태, 그리고 사회적응의 어려움에 대한 요인을 문헌 고찰 및 현황에 대한 자료를 바탕으로 분석하였다. 북한이탈주민은 2000년 이후 급속하게 증가하다가, 2012년 김정은 정권이 들어서면서 입국자수가 감소하였다. 또한 1999년 이후의 북한이탈주민은 그 이전의 입국자들보다 학력, 직업, 계층면에서 수준이 떨어지는 편이다. 북한이탈주민의 사회 부적응 요인은 경제활동의 어려움, 남북의 정치체제의 차이, 남북의 다른 경제제도, 남북의 서로 상충되는 문화, 가족관계로부터 오는 어려움을 들 수 있다. 북한이탈주민의 사회 부적응 문제는 북한이탈주민의 노력과 남한 사회의 제반 시설이 뒷받침해 줄 때, 북한이탈주민의 성공적인 사회정착이 이루어질 것이다. 또한 북한이탈주민이 남한 사회에 적응하는 것은 사회구성원들과의 어울림과 정서적인 공유가 중요하다. 따라서 북한이탈주민의 남한 사회 적응을 위하여 국가적으로 사회 안정망 구축 및 재정 부담을 감소할 수 있는 구체적인 방안이 필요하다.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to assess mental health and quality of life (QOL) including factors influencing QOL among early North Korean defectors in South Korea. Participants were 151 early North Korean defectors residing in a settlement support center. All measures were self-administered. Unlike refugees living in communities, early defectors did not experience a high rate of mental health problems and reported a good QOL. Psychoticism was the most predictive factor affecting QOL. Findings from this study suggest the importance of mental health assessment and support over time. Psychoticism, significant in explaining QOL of early North Korean defectors, needs early diagnosis and treatment to prevent progression. Mental health issues among refugees may not be evident while they are in a structured, supportive environment. Evaluation and treatment are needed over time.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈E:수학교육논문집
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.455-470
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• 2019

본 연구는 탈북청소년 대안학교 학생들의 수학 학습에서의 정의적 영역에 대한 실태를 조사하고자 탈북청소년들의 수학 학습에 대한 정의적 특성과 수학포기에 대한 인식 및 수학 학습에서의 어려움에 대하여 알아보았다. 그 결과 탈북청소년의 정의적 특성은 남한 학생들보다 자신감과 가치, 학습의욕이 낮았으며, 탈북청소년의 수학 포기 비율이 남한 학생들보다 높게 나타났다. 수학을 포기하게 된 이유는 스스로에 귀인한다고 생각하는 경향이 높게 나타났다. 출신 국가에 따른 정의적 영역 설문결과는 북한 출신과 제3국 출신 대비 한국에서 초등학교를 다닌 탈북청소년이 흥미도, 학습의욕이 유의미한 차이를 보이며 높은 것으로 나타났다. 특히 탈북청소년의 수학 학습의 어려움으로 언어적인 요인이 작용하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.85-106
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to learn from Korean female defectors about their views of child-rearing experiences in South Korea. This study explored how 7 North Korean female defectors with young children developed child-rearing microideologies that acknowledge both North Korean cultural ideology and South Korean cultural ideology. Methods: To examine North Korean female defectors' child-rearing experiences, indepth interviews with 7 North Korean female defectors with young children were conducted. Results: Four theme clusters, 11 themes, and 47 meanings were found from a phenomenological analysis with indepth interview data. Based on the themes, three types of child-rearing microideologies were identified: (1) separation,(2) assimilation, and (3) integration. Each type of child-rearing microideology can be understood with a meaningful phrase "there is no choice", "nevertheless" and "because I came here to be better," respectively. Conclusion/Implications: This study provides knowledge on the individual-specified child-rearing strategy of North Korean female defectors with young children and suggests the necessity of diverse policy proposals based on the child-rearing microideology types.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.41-66
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• 2005

본 연구는 탈북자들의 가치관, 라이프스타일, 귀인양식, 고정관념 등을 중심으로 한 심리적 특성을 남한주민들과 비교하여 그 차이점을 살펴보고, 이러한 심리적 특성이 소외감에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아보았다. 연구 결과, 가치관에서 탈북자들은 남한주민들에 비해 '개인이나 가족'보다는 '나라'를, '출세'보다는 '부모봉양'을, 인생을 잘사는 것은 '풍부하게 사는 것'보다 '깨끗이 사는 것'을 더 중요하다고 생각했다. 라이프스타일에서는 탈북자들이 남한주민들에 비해 '전통적 가족주의', '전통적 집단주의', '사회의식', '전통위계 의식'에서 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 귀인양식에서 탈북자들은 남한주민들에 비해 내외귀인 항목에서 내적귀인이, 일관성 항목에서는 일시성보다는 항상 일어날 것이라고 귀인 하는 경향이 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 고정관념에서 남한주민들은 탈북자들에 대해 반항적, 비판적, 이기적, 경쟁적으로 지각하는 등 탈북자 스스로가 평가한 특성보다 더 부정적으로 지각하였다. 소외감의 경우 탈북자들은 소외영역에서는 일로부터의 소외감이 가장 높았으며, 소외유형에서는 무력감이 가장 높았다. 탈북자들의 소외감에 영향을 미치는 요인을 살펴본 결과, '내외귀인', '문화개방성', '풍요로운 생활' 등의 순이었다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 결과 및 시사점 등에 대해 논의하였다.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.41-61
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• 2008

본 연구는 그동안 많은 주목을 받아왔던 북한이탈주민의 우울감에 대해 기존에 주로 사용하던 자기보고식 질문지법이외에도 새로이 투사적 검사법을 사용하여 입체적으로 조명하기 위해 진행되었다. 북한이탈주민의 우울감에 대해 좀 더 정확하게 파악하기 위해 비교집단으로서 남한주민을 포함시켰다. 본 연구는 북한이탈주민 40명과 남한주민 40명의 자료를 토대로 이루어졌다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, CES-D에서는 북한이탈주민이 남한주민보다 더 높은 우울 점수를 보였다. 그리고 로샤검사 결과에서는 양측 주민들의 DEPI, CDI, S-CON 지표에서 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 둘째, 양측 주민들에게서 성별의 차이를 검증한 결과, 북한 이탈주민 여자의 CDI의 점수가 가장 높았다. 이는 북한이탈주민 남자에 비해 여자가 실제로 심리적인 어려움을 더 크게 겪고 있을 가능성을 시사한다. 셋째, 양측 주민들이 보인 CES-D와 로샤검사의 DEPI 점수 간의 상관계수의 차이 분석에서 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 결론적으로, 남한주민과 북한이탈주민의 우울감과 관련해서는 자기보고 과정에서 상이한 패턴을 보일 수 있음을 기억할 필요가 있다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.71-86
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate North Korean child defectors and South Korean children's pro-social moral reasoning, pro-social decision-making, moral reasoning and moral judgement on violence. The participants were 82 North Korean child defectors and 186 South Korean children in Seoul and Kyunggi Province. All respondents answered self-report questionnaires including 6 stories of pro-social moral conflicts and 4 stories of moral conflicts on violence. Data were analyzed by independent sample t-test, $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test, repeated measure ANOVA and one-way ANOVA. The major findings were as follows. First, North Korean child defectors showed a bigger difference between the level of pro-social moral reasoning in close relationship situations and that in distant relationship situations than South Korean children did. In the 11-13 year old group, North Korean child defectors showed lower level of pro-social moral reasoning than that of South Korean children. Second, children showed more helping responses in close relationship situations than in distant relationship situations. The 11-13 year old group Children also showed more helping responses than the 14-16 year old group did. Third, 11-13 year old South Korean children showed a higher level of moral reasoning on violence than the North Korean child defectors did. Finally, North Korean child defectors judged violence with a justifiable intention as being more wrong than South Korean children did.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.117-196
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• 2000

The purpose of the study was to provide ground information to develop social adjustment programs for North Korean residents who might migrate into South Korea when free transmigration is allowed in the process of reunification. For this purpose, two research methods were employed. First, depth interviews for 10 North Korean defectors were used to find out their social adjustment realities and problems. In addition, empirical survey research was carried out with 397 subjects to identify South Koreans'altitude toward North Korean defectors and the willingness to support them financially and emotionally. North Korean defectors's social adjustment problems were approached based on lifestyle. The depth interviews revealed that difficulties the defectors had experienced at first were mainly in the aspect of consumption caused by lack of understanding about capitalism. However, they could overcome difficulties and assimilate their ways of living to those of South Koreans soon. Other adjustment problems in family living and child rearing especially related with values had more complicated issues. Results of the empirical survey showed that South Koreans' level of interest in defecters was moderate but they thought them rather positively, sympathetically. Concerning supports, South Koreans were agreeing with governmental support more with emotional support than financial support by individuals. In conclusion, present formal education programs provided to defectors were not effective enough for them to team South Korean living culture. To learn by living with interactions with South Koreans was one of the best policies to help defectors' adaptation. Findings that South Koreans were willing to help them emotionally matched and balanced with defectors' needs.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.175-191
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to acquire in-depth understanding regarding teachers' experiences with North Korean defectors' young children during their initial settlement period at Pyeonghwa Kindergarten. The participants of this study included 2 kindergarten teachers and 15 North Korean defectors' young children along with 3 local classmates. Qualitative data was collected via interviews and in-class observations. The study results show that (1) teachers witnessed that North Korean defectors' young children came from diverse backgrounds and struggled with emotional insecurity while local classmates were being excluded by them, (2) teachers had difficulties to communicate and make a consensus with their parents while teachers' efforts to communicate were being paid off gradually, and (3) teachers felt that kindergarten education was de-prioritized administratively to elementary education, and many programs were cancelled due to lack of understanding of in-charge staff.