• 생약학회지
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• 제35권1호통권136호
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• pp.6-15
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate the hemopoietic effects of 6 species of deer antlers from origins and parts in vitro. CD34 positive cells were isolated and confirmed the its population by FACS analysis. In a week liquid culture, there was any statistical significance between extracts of three parts of six species of deer antlers in the experiments as colony forming assay, proliferation assay, differentiation assay and observation of morphology. However, after 2 weeks- culture with extracts of three parts of six species of deer antlers, colonies were counted. six species of deer antlers, such as middle part of Korean nippon deer, upper part of Chinese nippon deer, upper part of Newzealand horse deer, middle part of Korea horse deer and middle part of Newzealand red deer, significantly increased the CFU-GM (colony forming unit garnulocyte-macrophage) of CD34 positive cells re1atεd to production of leucocytes such as eosinophil, basophil and neutrophil, while only middle part of Korea horse deer significantly increased the BFU-E (burst forming unit-erythroid) at 1 mg/ml seggesting progenting red blood cells (RBC). In the molecular study with CD34+ cells pretreated with cyclophosphamide, antagonist of hemopoietic activity, upper Part of Korean nippon deer and upper part of Chinese nippon deer effectively increased TPO involved in a late pathway of hematopoiesis just like in ELISA assay of IL-3, TPO and GM-CSF. Taken together, these results indicate exσacts of deer antler had some hemopoietic activity still proposing more clinical study and more basic mechanism research.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.899-904
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• 2005

본 연구는 강제낙각이 사슴뿔의 성장에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 꽃사슴 18두를 공시하여 뿔이 낙각 되기 40여일 전 강제 낙각을 실시하여 녹용생산량, 녹용길이 및 낙각시기에 미치는 영향을 조사하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1)뿔의 성장개시는 1차 년도에서 양쪽 절단구가 대조구에 비해 15일 정도 늦었으며, 다음 해 낙각시기는 절단구가 대조구보다 11-14일 빨랐다(P<0.05). 2)녹용 생산량은 1차년도에서 대조구, 한쪽 절단구 및 양쪽 절단구가 각각 775, 835 및 757g 이었고, 2차년도에서는 각각 1,004, 1,194 및 998g으로 한쪽 절단구의 녹용 생산량이 가장 많았으나 처리간에 유의성은 없었다. 3)녹용의 길이는 대조구, 한쪽 절단구 및 양쪽 절단구가 각각 25.8, 27.4 및 31.5 cm로 대조구에 비하여 한쪽 절단구 및 양쪽 절단구가 1년차에는 각각 1.6, 5.7cm 더 길었으며(P<0.05), 2년차에서도 각각 대조구보다 2.7, 2.4cm 더 길었다(P<0.05). 이러한 결과는 녹용의 생산시기 조절을 위하여 강제낙각을 응용한다면 녹용의 생산시기를 늦추거나 앞당기는데 충분히 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2006

Objectives : Deer antler Water Extract(DAE), prepared from the pilose antler of Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe (Nokyong), a traditional immuno-suppressive and immuno-activating Korean herbal-acupuncture, is thought to play an important role in human bone remodeling. Methods : To determine whether DAE can induce the differentiation of resting zone chondrocytes(RC) or not, confluent cell cultures were pretreated for 24, 36, 48, 72, and 120hrs with DAE. At the end of pretreatment, the media were replaced with new media containing $10^{-10}{\sim}10^{-8}M\;1,25-(OH)_2D_3$ and the cells incubated for an additional 24hrs. Results : This second treatment was chosen because prior studies had shown that only the more mature growth zone chondrocytes(GC) respond to this vitamin $D_3$ metabolite. The effect of DAE pretreatment on cell maturation was confirmed by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALPase)-specific activity. Changes in matrix protein synthesis were examined by measuring collagen synthesis, as well as $^{35}SO_4$ incorporation into proteoglycans. When RC cells were pretreated for 120h with DAE, treatment with $1,25-(OH)_2D_3$ caused a dose-dependent increase in ALPase-specific activity and collagen synthesis, however, the proteoglycan production was not affected. RC cells pretreated with $1,25-(OH)_2D_3$ responded like RC cells that had not received any pretreatment. Conclusion : These results indicate that DAE directly regulates the maturation of RC chondrocytes into GC chondrocytes. Therefore it was indicated that DAE may play a significant role in regulating chondrocyte maturation during endochondral ossification.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.65-71
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• 1989

Deer horn has been used in oriental medicine and folk remedy. It has had much effects on 'health and tonic efficacy' But this word, 'health and tonic efficacy', is very obscure in modern sense This report attempts to investigate their scientific and objective effects among many papers. The biochemical components of antler are composed of pentoses, hexoses, acid mucopolysaccharides, free and ester fatty acids, glycolipids, phospholipids, prostaglandins, sterols, protein and peptides, free amino acids, minerals, hormones etc. Deer horn extract especially increases body weight gain and feed efficiency, and it stimulates the ability of spermatogenesis of animal. However, a few papers have reported concerning the toxicity and side effects of antler.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.347-355
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• 1994

Thirty farmers, representing three major deer counties in Kyung-Kee province and 50 farmers scattered in Chung-Buk province were interviewed to determine the current status of the Korean deer industry. Items surveyed were general information, farmed deer breeds. farm facilities, feeding and nutrition, hygiene and disorder incidence, velvetting, income sources, products and their sale, management problems and herd size control. The 888 deer farmed in Kyung-Kee province included spotted deer (Cervus nippon. 69.4%), red deer (Cervus elaphus, 6.1%), wapiti (Cervus elaphus canadensis, 12.2%), spotted $\times$ red deer hybrids (6.2%), red deer $\times$ wapiti hybrids (4.6%). and fallow deer (Dama dama, 1.5%). Poor information on feeding was evidenced by wide variation among farms of daily feed supply and ratios of forage to concentrate, and poor nutritional considerations according to physiological status of deer. Hygiene needed more attention. The incidence of diseases and disorders was high: enteritis (73.3% in Kyung-Kee province), fractures (60.0%), and dystocia (56.7%). The major source of farm income was velvet antler and its blood. To improve productive efficiency, attention should be given to improving farm facilities, simplified product marketing, developing standard feeding system, and economic grazing system.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.197-208
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• 2021

The deer antler has been used as a major drug in oriental medicine for a long time. Recently, the demand for easy-to-take health functional foods is increasing due to economic development and changes in diet. As part of research on the development of functional materials for antlers, lactic acid fermentation of antler extract was performed. It was intended to develop a functional material with enhanced total polyphenol and flavonoid content and enhanced antioxidant activity. Lactic acid bacteria fermentation was performed by adding 4 types of lactic acid bacteria starter products, B. longum, Lb. Plantarum, Lb. acidophilus and mixture of 8 types of lactic acid bacteria to the antler water extract substrate, respectively. During the fermentation of lactic acid bacteria, the number of proliferation, total polyphenol and total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging and antioxidant activity were quantified and evaluated. As a result of adding these four types of lactic acid bacteria to the antler water extract substrate, the number of lactic acid bacteria measured was 2.04~5.00×107. Meanwhile, a protease (Baciullus amyloliquefaciens culture: Maxazyme NNP DS) was added to the antler extract to decompose the peptide bonds of the contained proteins. Then, these four types of lactic acid bacteria were added and the number of lactic acid bacteria increased to 2.84×107 ~ 2.21×108 as the result of culture. The total polyphenol contents were 4.82~6.26 ㎍/mL in the lactic acid bacteria fermentation extracts, and after the reaction of protease enzyme and lactic fermentation, increased to 14.27~20.58 ㎍/mL. The total flavonoid contents were 1.52~2.21 ㎍/ml in the lactic acid bacteria fermentation extracts, and after the protease reaction and fermentation, increased to 5.59 ~ 8.11 mg/mL. DPPH radical scavenging activities of lactic acid bacteria fermentation extracts was 17.03~22.75%, but after the protease reaction and fermentation, remarkably increased to 32.82~42.90%.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2011

녹용을 식품소재로 활용하고자 단백질 가수분해조건 설정 및 추출조건에 따른 품질특성을 조사하였다. 효소제 종류에 따른 영향을 조사한 결과 효소제 종류에 따른 pH는 차이는 없었으나, $^{\circ}Brix$, 고형분 및 조단백질 함량은 ProteAX(A)에서 높게 나타났다. 효소제 A 농도에서는 0.5%(w/w)까지 $^{\circ}Brix$, 고형분 및 조단백질 함량은 증가하였으며, 1.0%(w/w) 이상에서는 큰 변화가 없었다. 가수분해 시간은 5시간까지 $^{\circ}Brix$, 고형분 및 조단백질 함량은 증가하였으나 그 후 큰 변화가 없어 가수분해 시간을 5시간으로 설정하였다. 녹용에 효소 A와 C를 각각 0.5%(w/w)씩 혼합첨가 하여 $60^{\circ}C$에서 5시간 가수분해할 때 고형분 및 단백질 함량이 가장 높게 나타났다. 상기 설정된 조건으로 가수분해 시킨 녹용가수분해물(DAH)과 대조구(DA)를 $95^{\circ}C$ 상압조건(AP, 6~18시간) 및 $120^{\circ}C$ 가압조건(UP, 15~60분)으로 각각 추출한 결과 pH는 효소처리 및 추출조건에 따른 큰 차이는 없었다. $^{\circ}Brix$는 DA $1.5^{\circ}Brix$, DA-UP 및 DAH-AP에서는 $2.2^{\circ}Brix$로 나타났으며, DAH-UP에서 60분 추출하였을 때 $2.7^{\circ}Brix$로 가장 높게 나타났다. 또한 DAH-UP에서는 가용성 고형분 1.97%, 조단백질 함량 742.7 mg/100 g, 콜라겐 함량 498.8 mg/100 g으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과 가압추출조건이 녹용의 품질특성 향상에 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며, 향후 다양한 소재로 활용이 기대되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.708-716
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• 2012

In order to investigate and evaluate the effects of red deer antlers on hair growth in the full-thickness wound healing model, Sprague-Dawley rats were given incision wounds through the full thickness of their dorsal skin and deer antler was applied for 40 days. At specified intervals thereafter (4, 8, 16, 32 and 40 days), the animals were sacrificed and the wound site skins were excised, processed, and sectioned. At post-injury days 16, 32 and 40, longer and more active new hair appeared around the healing wound of antler-treated skin. Histological studies showed that the antler extract markedly increases the depth, size, and number of hair follicles. Expression of IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor) mRNA was detected by RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR. The result showed that the expression of IGF-I (days 16, 32, and 40) was obviously up-regulated in antler-treated skins compared to control skins. Similar results were seen in the ELISA analysis to quantify the IGF-I expression. These results support the notion that wound healing can cause hair growth by enhancing the expression of IGF-I. Deer antler extract appears to have the potential to promote hair growth and could be used in hair growth products.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.507-514
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• 2015

Deer velvet antler (DVA) is one of the most popular medicines in China. Numerous studies have demonstrated that velvet antler possess biological effects. However, data regarding its anti-migration activity on prostate cancer is scarce. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of top DVA (T-DVA) on the expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and migration-related genes in the human prostate cancer cell, LNCaP. The T-DVA down-regulated the expression of PSA. In addition, the Radius^TM assay revealed that T-DVA inhibited the migration behavior of prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was also decreased with T-DVA. On the contrary, T-DVA increased the tissue inhibition of metallo-proteinase (TIMP)-1 and (TIMP)-2. Taken together, our findings indicate that the T-DVA possesses anti-migration activity on prostate cancer cells. This is the first study of DVA to report the anti-migration activity on prostate cancer.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.67-80
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• 2002

좌골신경 재생에 미치는 녹용의 효과를 알아보기 위해 300 gm 내외의 수컷 Sprague-Dawley계 랫드에 체중 100 gm당 1.5 ml의 수용성 녹용추출물을 각각 1주, 2주, 3주간 매일 1회씩 경구 투여한 후 양쪽 하지의 좌골신경을 절단하였다. 6시간 경과 후 절단부의 근위부에서 절취한 좌골신경을 통상적인 전자현미경기법으로 처리하여 관찰한 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 정상대조군의 좌골신경은 신경마디에서 axonal sprouting이 관찰되지 않았고, 전자밀도가 높은 축삭막의 돌출구조가 종종 관찰되었다. 2. 생리식염수 투여군의 좌골신경의 신경마디에서 axonal sprouts의 형성이 관찰되었으며, 그 길이는 대부분 짧았고, 내부에 많은 소포와 공포를 함유하고 있었으며 일부에서는 신경세사를 비롯한 세포소기관을 가지고 있었다. 각각 100개씩의 세로절단된 신경마디에서 sprouts 의 존재여부를 계수한 바 1주 투여군에서 29개(29%), 2주 투여군에서 32개 (32%), 3주 투여군에서 30개 (30%)로 각각 나타났다. 3. 녹용 투여군의 좌골신경의 신경마디에서 axonal sprouts의 형성이 관찰되었고 대부분 그 길이가 짧았으나 2주 투여군과 3주 투여군에서 종종 긴 sprouts가 관찰되었다. Sprouts의 내부에는 많은 소포와 공포를 함유하고 있었고 종종 신경세사, 사립체 등의 소기관을 함유하고 있는 경우도 있었다. 각각 100개씩의 세로절단된 신경마디에서 계수한 sprouts의 수는 1주 투여군에서 38개 (38%), 2주 투여군에서 46개 (46%), 3주 투여군에서 48개(48%)로 각각 나타났다. 이상의 결과로부터 녹용추출물의 선투여는 절단좌골신경의 sprout 형성을 촉진함을 알 수 있었고, 이는 녹용이 말초신경의 재생에 효과가 있음을 시사한다고 생각된다.와 전자밀도가 낮은 소포들이 혼합된 형과 전자밀도가 낮은 소포들로만 이루어진 연접체 등 두 종류를 소지하고 있어 두 종간 차이가 확인되었다.흰쥐 전뇌 기저부 Meynert기저핵에서의 ChAT면역반응 신경세포들은 출생 후 발생과정에서 세포소기관과 신경돌기들의 분화에 따른 세포체 부피의 증가, 분화된 세포형들의 출현 율의 증가 및 세포의 손실이 없는 상태에서 세포 응축 등의 과정을 통하여 세포들이 분화한다고 생각된다.\mu}m$정도로 세포질 대비 매우 컸다. 이들은 다양한 크기의 전자밀도가 높은 둥근 과립(직경 $1\sim0.2{\mu}m$)을 소지하고 있었으며, 세포의 표면은 여러 형태의 사상족(filopodia)들을 뻗어 노쇠한 세포들을 포식하였다. 신경망(neuropiles)들은 신경분비세포를 둘러싸고 있었으며, 신경섬유 속에서 다양한 종류의 연접소포들(synaptic vesicles)이 관찰되었는데, 전자밀도, 크기 그리고 모양에 따라 6종류로 분류되었다.로 확인되었다. 방사대는 외측에 않은 homogeneous layer와 내측에 2개의 두꺼운 helicoidal layers (zona radiata interna and zona radials externa)총 3개의 구조물로 구성되어 있었다. 정상적인 환경조건에서 볼 때 난포는 난형성과 생식소에서 분비되는 스테로이드 흐르몬의 생성에 충분할 만큼 조직의 발달과 호르몬의 주기적인 분비에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.%o보다 20%o, 30%o에 적응(適應)된 개체의 신장조직(腎臟組織)에서 더많이 발생되었다. 틸라피아의 신사구체(腎絲球體)는 담수(淡水)에서 10%o의 해수(海水)로 이주된지 14일(日) 이후에 신장(腎臟)에서 수축된 것으로 나타났다. 30%o의 해수(海水)에 적응(適應)된 틸라피아의 평균 신사구체(腎絲球體)의 면적은