• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.851-857
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• 2018

In this research, LCA analysis of the manufacturing process of pot bearing for fixed, movable in all directions, movable in one direction was carried out to analyze the environmental load using the LCA methodology. Especially, the water footprint that has been and issue in recent years was analyzed. As a result of LCA, it was analyzed that the contribution of the plate was more than 64.2% in all of the six impact categories in the case of fixed pot bearing base, and more than 94% in the category of resource depletion and photochemical oxidant creation. In the case of all direction pot bearing and one direction pot bearing, the contribution of PTFE was the highest in the global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion, and the contribution by the plate was higher in the other impact categories. The water footprint of each type of pot bearing was analyzed as $22.4m^3\;H_2O\;eq/kg$ for one direction pot bearing, $17.1m^3\;H_2O\;eq/kg$ for fixed pot bearing, and $14.1m^3\;H_2O\;eq/kg$ for all direction pot bearing. As a result of life cycle analysis, the contribution of water use in manufacturing was more than 65% in all three types. The results of this study can be used as basic data for decision making in construction method and material selection of bridges in the future.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.1-36
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• 2019

In line with the international community's movement to reduce greenhouse gas emission, Korea implemented FIT(Feed in Tariff) in 2002 as part of its renewable energy development project. Although the policy had shifted to full-scale RPS(Renewable Portfolio Standards) in 2012, policymakers are still seeking changes due to policy ineffectiveness. While previous studies explain sudden policy changes through external factors, recent research sheds light on internal factors in the process of policy transition. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that are responsible for rapidly changing policies in latecomer nations. In order to find this, we look at the case of transition from the FIT to the RPS in Korea's expansion of renewable energy policy. As a result of the research, it is confirmed that the Top-Down decision making system of Korea and the external regulatory change cause rapid policy transition. By looking at these variables, we propose useful implications for policymakers to minimize the policy failure in future policy design and evolution.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.173-185
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• 2019

Causal questions are prevalent in scientific research, for example, how effective a treatment was for preventing an infectious disease, how much a policy increased utility, or which advertisement would give the highest click rate for a given customer. Causal inference theory in statistics interprets those questions as inferring the effect of a given intervention (treatment or policy) in the data generating process. Causal inference has been used in medicine, public health, and economics; in addition, it has received recent attention as a tool for data-driven decision making processes. Many recent datasets are observational, rather than experimental, which makes the causal inference theory more complex. This review introduces key concepts and recent trends of statistical causal inference in observational studies. We first introduce the Neyman-Rubin's potential outcome framework to formularize from causal questions to average treatment effects as well as discuss popular methods to estimate treatment effects such as propensity score approaches and regression approaches. For recent trends, we briefly discuss (1) conditional (heterogeneous) treatment effects and machine learning-based approaches, (2) curse of dimensionality on the estimation of treatment effect and its remedies, and (3) Pearl's structural causal model to deal with more complex causal relationships and its connection to the Neyman-Rubin's potential outcome model.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.630-637
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• 2019

The scientific, economical and industrial values of the Moon have been increased, as massive ice-water and rare resource were founded from the lunar exploration missions. Korea and other major space agencies in the world are competitively developing the ISRU (In Situ Resource Utilization) technology to secure future lunar resource as well as to construct the lunar base. To prepare for the lunar construction, it is essential to develop the rover based construction spatial information technology to provide a decision-making aided information during the lunar construction process. Thus, this research presented the construction spatial information technology based upon rover's camera system. Specifically, the conceptual design of rover based camera system was designed for acquisition of a rover's navigation image, and lunar terrain and construction images around the rover. The reference architecture of the rover operation system was designed for computation of the lunar construction spatial information. Also, rover's localization and terrain reconstruction methods were introduced considering the characteristics of lunar surface environments. It is necessary to test and validate the conceptual design of the construction spatial information technology. Thus, in the future study, the developed rover and rover operation system will be applied to the lunar terrestrial analogue site for further improvements.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.575-584
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• 2021

Objective : Cervical expansive laminoplasty is an effective surgical method to address multilevel cervical spinal stenosis. During surgery, the spinous processes of C2 and C7 are usually preserved to keep the insertion points of the cervical musculature and nuchal ligament intact. In this regard, dome-like laminectomy (undercutting of C7 lamina) instead of laminoplasty is performed on C7 in selected cases. However, resection of the lamina can weaken the C7 lamina, and stress fractures may occur, but this complication has not been characterized in the literature. The objective of the present study was to investigate the incidence and risk factors for C7 laminar fracture after C7 dome-like laminectomy and its impact on clinical and radiological outcomes. Methods : Patients who underwent cervical open-door laminoplasty combined with C7 dome-like laminectomy (n=123) were classified according to the presence of C7 laminar fracture. Clinical parameters (neck/arm pain score and neck disability index) and radiologic parameters (C2-7 angle, C2-7 sagittal vertical axis, and C7-T1 angle) were compared between the groups preoperatively and at postoperatively at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Risk factors for complications were evaluated, and a formula estimating C7 fracture risk was suggested. Results : C7 lamina fracture occurred in 32/123 (26%) patients and occurred at the bilateral isthmus in 29 patients and at the spinolaminar junction in three patients. All fractures appeared on X-ray within 3 months postoperatively, but patients did not present any neurological deterioration. The fracture spontaneously healed in 27/32 (84%) patients at 1 year and in 29/32 (91%) at 2 years. During follow-up, clinical outcomes were not significantly different between the groups. However, patients with C7 fractures showed a more lordotic C2-7 angle and kyphotic C7-T1 angle than patients without C7 fractures. C7 fracture was significantly associated with the extent of bone removal. By incorporating significant factors, the probability of C7 laminar fracture could be assessed with the formula 'Risk score = 1.08 × depth (%) + 1.03 × length (%, of the posterior height of C7 vertebral body)', and a cut-off value of 167.9% demonstrated a sensitivity of 90.3% and a specificity of 65.1% (area under the curve, 0.81). Conclusion : C7 laminar fracture can occur after C7 dome-like laminectomy when a substantial amount of lamina is resected. Although C7 fractures may not cause deleterious clinical outcomes, they can lead to an unharmonized cervical curvature. The chance of C7 fracture should be discussed in the shared decision-making process.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.108-117
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• 2011

In drafting the standards on changes in current conditions, the height or the number of stories is applied in a restrictive manner by limiting to securing the distance to vertical surface for cultural properties within the influence investigation area, but this is expected to have a negative impact on the surrounding sceneries as well as results in the dwarfing phenomenon for precious cultural properties. That is, the preparation for supplementing the insufficient objectivity that is likely to take place during the process of drafting the standards on changes in current conditions. Thus the author attempts to suggest the analytic method for the decision making related to objective and reasonable determination and regulation of the changes in current conditions through computer based simulation work that considers the cultural properties and surrounding environments under investigation. In order to achieve such research objectives, the author reviewed the subject sites where the cultural property dwarfing phenomenon was expected to occur in case of the permission for the changes in current conditions or where the impact of natural landscape and natural feature on the earth is less than architectural building or artificial structure or where the new policy program is likely to be adopted due to incomplete establishment of current condition change standard within influence investigation area, among other cultural properties with architectural building or artificial structure nearby located in Cheonan city and then selected Cheonansaji Dangganjiju(flag poles) and Jiksanhyun Gwana(government office). The author then undertook the quantitative visibility analysis in order to determine the comprehensive prospect rights for the cultural properties and surrounding environments concerned.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.25
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• pp.7-40
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• 2009

The aim of this paper is to establish the theoretical foundation on "the integrative study of the character education for the promotion of social and emotional competencies of children.". Based on the social and emotional learning(SEL), this paper is tried to find out the effective ways to develop children's good character. According to SEL, social and emotional competence is the ability to understand, manage, and express the social and emotional aspects of one's life in ways that enable the successful management of life tasks such as learning, forming relationships, solving everyday problems, and adapting to the complex demands of growth and development. And it is also the process of acquiring and effectively applying the knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary to recognize and manage emotions. Five key competencies such as self-awareness, social awareness, responsible decision making, self-management, relationship skills are taught, practiced, and reinforced through SEL programming. Both the social and emotional learning movement and the character education share in common the idea that much of human character can be modified for the better through learning. While character educators engage in developing civic virtue and moral character in our youth for more compassionate and responsible society, SEL educators engage in educating for a safe, secure, caring society. To effectively teach social and emotional competencies, the teachers themselves must embrace a teaching and learning philosophy that models the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors we aim to teach.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.417-425
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• 2020

Recently, the development of weapons systems in conjunction with the Fourth Industrial Revolution has increased the number of weapon systems that integrate individual commercial systems by actively incorporating the superior fields of private commercial technologies. In the case of such commercial product-based weapons systems, however, the development of ILS elements across all areas, such as technical manual, military field maintenance support equipment, interactive electronic technical manual (IETM), and Computer Based Training (CBT) development, and weapons system Reliability, Availability, Maintainability(RAM) target values, and logistics support analysis (LSA) was requested to expand the level of development by developers. The commercial product-based System Integration (SI) weapon system will be able to complete the comprehensive military balance for complementing and effective maintenance of the military and developers only when the ILS development, which is limited to the essential elements of the required group, Request For Proposal (RFP) and Post-Logistics Support (PLS) directions were applied in the framework of outsourcing maintenance implementation. As a result, by checking the operation status of current weapons systems, the logistics support of commercial product-based weapon systems selected outsourcing as the basic policy that is decided based on the development requirements, focusing on maintaining operation through a rational decision-making process, and presented a plan for applying the development plan to the RFP for the determined core elements and PLS.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2022

Since Traditional Korean medicine (TKM) doctors use various knowledge systems during treatment, diagnosis results may differ for each TKM doctor. However, it is difficult to explain all the reasons for the diagnosis because TKM doctors use both explicit and implicit knowledge. In this study, an upgraded random forest (RF)-based evaluation tool was proposed to extract clinical knowledge of TKM doctors. Also, it was confirmed to what extent the professor's clinical knowledge was delivered to the trainees by using the evaluation tool. The data used to construct the evaluation tool were targeted at 106 people who visited the Sasang Constitutional Department at Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital at Gangdong. For explicit knowledge extraction, four TKM doctors were asked to express the importance of symptoms as scores. In addition, for implicit knowledge extraction, importance score was confirmed in the RF model that learned the patient's symptoms and the TKM doctor's constitutional determination results. In order to confirm the delivery of clinical knowledge, the similarity of symptoms that professors and trainees consider important when discriminating constitution was calculated using the Jaccard coefficient. As a result of the study, our proposed tool was able to successfully evaluate the clinical knowledge of TKM doctors. Also, it was confirmed that the professor's clinical knowledge was delivered to the trainee. Our tool can be used in various fields such as providing feedback on treatment, education of training TKM doctors, and development of AI in TKM.

• Korean small business review
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.43-67
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• 2020

Studies on technological innovation of SMEs have made remarkable growth both qualitatively and quantitatively, but each study has a limitation to generalize due to lack of data, diversity of methodologies and variables. Therefore, a systematic and comprehensive statistical approach to obtain generalized conclusions through numerous empirical studies can help both the strategic decision making of SMEs and the government's innovation policies. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively analyze the technological innovation process of SMEs through meta-analysis. For this, the antecedents of technological innovation, the relationship between technological innovation and management performance of SMEs were analyzed. The results of using 62,512 samples from 111 domestic empirical studies were as follows; First, to improve the technological innovation of SMEs, internal cooperation, innovation culture, dynamic capabilities, and absorptive capacity were important antecedents. Second, in terms of IP performance, which was introduced as a proxy for technological innovation, human resource management, technological opportunities, commercialization capabilities, financial resources, and R&D expenditure. Third, technological innovation has a medium-sized effect on financial performance, however the effect of IP performance has a small effect size. Lastly, in the relationship between technological innovation and financial performance, the method of measurement and publication type showed statistically significant moderating effects.