• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.460-470
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• 2013

Forest vegetation of Choksangsan area in the Deogyusan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 103 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 8 communities of other vegetation, the total of 111 communities were researched; the mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 36 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 26 communities of valley forest, 10 communities of coniferous forests, 31 plantation and 8 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis communities account for 65.96 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica community takes up 22.50 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 63.27 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Quercus serrata, Pinus densiflora, and Quercus variabilis are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation of Choksangsan in Deogyusan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2005

To understand the chemical changes in the streamwater and contribution of subsurface discharge during the storm event, we analyzed electric conductivity (EC), anions, and cations in Gwangneung deciduous and coniferous forest catchment. The stream water samples were collected three times in 2004 by using an auto-sampler: September 7-9 (E040907-D and -C; where D and C indicate deciduous and coniferous forest catchment, respectively), September 11-13 (E040911-D and -C), and September 16-18 (E040916-D and -C). We found a negative relationship between discharge intensity and EC in streamwater. The E040911 and E040916 showed slack change of stream discharge in comparison to E040907 due to contribution of base flow recharged by much precipitation. Moreover, NO/sub 3//sup -/ concentrations in E040911-C were highest, which may have resulted from forest management such as thinning in 2004. The relationship between pH and alkalinity in stream water showed that much of stream water have been recharged through subsurface. We conclude that subsurface discharge highly influences streamwater quality in a forested catchment, and the seperation of stream water discharge is therefore necessary to sustainable water management.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2008

The characterization of tree species and forest stand conditions is useful in the planning of activities aimed to conserve biodiversity. The main objective of this study was to describe tree species diversity, species composition and stand structure of tropical deciduous forests distributed in three regions in Myanmar. Forest inventory was conducted in the Oktwin teak bearing forest, the Letpanpin community forest and Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park. According to the Jackknife estimator of species richness, 85 species (${\pm}18.16$), 70 species (${\pm}5.88$) and 186 species (${\pm}17.10$) belonging to 31 families were found in the Oktwin teak bearing forest, 33 families in Letpanpin community forest and 53 families in Alaungdaw Kathapa national park, respectively. Shannon's diversity indices were significantly different among the forests (p<0.05). It ranged from 3.36 to 4.36. Mean tree density (n/ha) of the Oktwin teak bearing forest, Letpanpin community forest and Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park were 488 (${\pm}18.6$), 535 (${\pm}15.6$) and 412 (${\pm}14.1$), while basal areas per hectare were $46.96m^2({\pm}3.23),\;49.01m^2({\pm}5.08)\;and\;60.03m^2({\pm}3.88)$, respectively. At the family level, Verbenaceae, Myrtaceae and Combretaceae occupied the highest importance value index, while at the species level it was Tectona grandis, Lagerstoremia speciosa and Xylia xylocarpa.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 2014

This study was carried out to classify forest communities and to aggregate forest cover types for the complex and diversified natural forest areas of Hwangaksan, Bakseoksan, Deogyusan, and Jirisan in southern region of Baekdudaegan Mountains. The vegetation data were collected by point-centered quarter sampling method. Eight hundred fifty one sample points were subjected to cluster analysis to classify 18 forest communities, which were aggregated into 7 representative forest cover types on the basis of community similarity from composition of canopy species. They were mixed mesophytic forest cover type, the others deciduous forest cover type, Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata cover type, Quercus mongolica cover type, Pinus densiflora cover type, Carpinus laxiflora cover type, and Abies koreana cover type. The Quercus mongolica cover type was most widely distributed in the study areas, and this cover type tended to occur in the place of higher altitude as latitude was getting lower. Mixed mesophytic forest and the others deciduous forest cover type were commonly distributed in the areas of valley, on the other hand, Quercus mongolica cover type and Pinus densiflora cover type tended to be distributed in the areas of ridge.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.19-25
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• 2023

This study aimed to analyze the current status of planted trees in Seoul Forest and propose improvement plans to improve the naturalness in the park. A comprehensive survey of the trees in the park was conducted, and the data gathered was used to build a list of planting trees suitable for an urban park. The analysis of the characteristics of landscape trees in Seoul Forest by type was about the presence or absence of leaves, and they were classified into deciduous trees, evergreen trees, deciduous shrubs, and evergreen shrubs, and herbaceous plants such as groundcover plants separately classified. The study found that Seoul Forest had 57 species of native and naturalized trees, with 27 deciduous trees, 35 deciduous shrubs, 15 evergreen trees, and 98 evergreen shrubs. The park also had 472 species of herbaceous plants, totaling 320,000. The majority of planted trees in Seoul Forest were native species, comprising 59% of the total planted trees, while naturalized species made up 41%. Furthermore, the ratio of deciduous trees to evergreen trees was 81% to 19%, with deciduous trees being the dominant species. The evergreen trees showed a similar trend, with a total of 23 species, including 15 native and 8 foreign species, accounting for 65% of native species. In addition, the study identified six common deciduous shrubs, including Forsythia koreana, orbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila, Deutzia parviflora, Rhododendron lateritium, and Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora, which are frequently planted in areas with abundant water. The study also revealed that among the 10 evergreen shrub species, 9 were native and 1 was foreign. The study aimed to classify the species planted in Seoul Forest into native and foreign species and to provide a data-driven plan to encourage the planting of native species. This study offers valuable insights into planting planning and design for urban parks, which is essential for enhancing naturalness, as most studies have primarily focused on usage patterns and satisfaction in urban parks. By promoting the planting of native species, the naturalness of Seoul Forest can be improved.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.4
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• pp.465-475
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• 2001

Based on the community structural attributes, such as species composition, diameter and height distribution, topographic position, and species diversity in the natural deciduous forest of Mt. Gari area, this study suggested desirable species and composition ratio to achieve ecological management of forests so as to maintain forest stability and enhance economical values. The results are as follows : 1. Twenty-five tree species were growing in the study forest. Of these Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Juglans mandshurica, Quercus serrata, Cornus controversa, Acer mono, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Tilia mandshurica were selected for desirable species through the evaluation of dominant and dominant potential. Kalopanax pictus, considered to be highly valuable species, was also included. 2. Taking account of different species composition pattern by topographic positions, we select as desirable species of J. mandshurica, C. controversa, Q. mongolica, A. mono, T. mandshurica, and F. rhynchophylla in the valley area, Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, A. mono, T. mandshurica, F. rhynchophylla, and K. pictus in the mid-slope area, and Q. mongolica, P. densiflora, Q. serrata, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla in the ridge area. 3. Based on the estimation of species diversity index for the overstory components, the reasonable forest stability levels of the indices were estimated at 1.96, 1.68, 1.94, and 1.27 for whole forest, valley, midslope, and ridge, respectively. 4. The recommended species composition ratios in the study forest were suggested Q. mongolica to be 30%, A. mono, F. rhynchophylla, Q. serrata, and T. mandshurica to be 10%~15%, J. mandshurica, P. densiflora, and C. controversa to be 5%~10%, and K. pictus to be 5%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.3
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• pp.397-401
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• 2011

This study was conducted to clarify the breeding ecology of tits Parus spp. used artificial nest boxes in a deciduous forest at the Ansung Campus, Chung-Ang University from March through July, 2006 to 2010. Varied tit Parus varius, marsh tit P. palustris and great tit P. major bred in artificial nest boxes during our study period. There were no differences in number of breeding bird pairs among different entrance diameters of artificial nest boxes. The number of breeding pairs of great tits was the most highest among tits and that of varied tits was the least. Great tits mainly used 40 mm and 35 mm artificial nest box entrance diameter and marsh tits preferred 30 mm entrance diameter. In three tits species, there were differences in first egg date, clutch size, brood size, egg incubation period, nestling care period and breeding success among study years. It is needed the study on long-term ecological research about breeding ecology of tits related with habitat conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2000

Mass loss and dynamics of mineral nutrient during decomposition of deciduous leaves and 3 species of needles were investigated for 38 months from October in 1992 to November in 1995 in Kwangneung, Korea. After 38 months, the remaining mass of deciduous leaves, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus rigida and Abies holophylla was 16.2%, 29.8%, 33.5% and 53.9%, respectively. The decay rate (k) of deciduous leaves, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus rigida and Abies holophylla was 0.61, 0.40, 0.37, $0.21yr^{-1}$, respectively. The lowest decay rate in fir needle might be, in part, due to low N concentration. N concentration of the decomposing litter increased during the experimental period except for P. rigida. Deciduous leaves showed a short immobilization period during the early stage of decomposition, and big-cone pine and pitch pine had no immobilization period. However, there was no net N mineralization in fir litter. P increased during the experimental period for all litter. Except for deciduous leaves, there was no net mineralization period. In case of deciduous leaves, however, remaining P after 38 months was 53% of the initial P capital. Remaining cations of the decomposing litter after 38 months were lower than those of initial contents.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.204-219
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate and analyze the characteristics of the plant community structure of vegetation distributed on the western slope and ridge connecting Mt. Noja to Mt. Gara. This basic research was executed not only to restore and manage forest vegetation, but also to monitor the trend of change in the long term. As a result of classifying the communitise in 86 survey quadrats, the Pinus thunbergii-Platycarya strobilacea comm. and P. thunbergii-P. densiflora comm. were distributed around the lowlands. The Carpinus tschonoskii-Deciduous broad-leaved comm., Styrax japonicus-Deciduous broad-leaved comm., Acer pictum subsp. Mono-Deciduous broad-leaved comm., Deciduous broad-leaved comm., and Zelkova serrata comm. appeared in the valley and all stone areas. Quercus serrata comm., Q. serrata-S. japonicus comm., S. japonicus-Carpinus cordata comm., Euonymus oxyphyllus comm. were classified as being distributed on steep slopes with relatively high altitude. According to the succession trend of the forest, evergreen conifers will be transition to deciduous broad-leaved trees. However, deciduous broad-leaved arboreous forests, such as Carpinus tschonoskii, zelkova serrata, and Acer pictum subsp. Mono, were considered to maintain their current succession stage because not only the stratified structure was developed over about 50 years tree age, but also ecologically stabilized. As environmental factors, it was analyzed that altitude, pH, content of clay and silt, Mg⁺⁺, Ca⁺⁺, etc. directly or indirectly affect the distribution of plant communities.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2008

This study was conducted in order to recommend forest-based wildlife protection areas in Chung-nam Province using several basic habitat conditions. The conditions used in this study were the forest patch size with the potential to keep wildlife animals safe, the distance from water sources, and the availability of food for wildlife. The fractal dimension index was also used to find the edge line dynamics, which can influence on habitat conditions for edge species. The natural conservation management indices including a forest map (indicating the level of forest age), a slope map, and an elevation map were used to find the forest patches with enough space for wildlife to live on. Water resources and their buffer areas were considered as factors to protect the space as an ecological corridor. Deciduous trees and trees mixed with deciduous trees and conifers were chosen to provide wildlife animals their food. In total, 525 forest patches were chosen and recommended for the wildlife protection area. Five of these forest patches were recommended as wildlife protection areas managed by the provincial government. The other 520 forest patches were recommended to protect local wildlife animals and be managed by each county or city. These forest patches were located around the Geum-buk and Geum-nam mountains, and the forest patches are important resources as habitats to keep wildlife in the area. An ecological network consists of these separate forest patches with the ecological integration. A fractal dimension index was used to divide forest patches into several categories in order to find how patches are shaped. The forest patches with longer edges or more irregular shapes have a much higher possibility of being inhabited by various types of edge species. Through comparison of the wildlife protection areas recommended in this study to the current wildlife protection areas, we recognized that the current wildlife protection areas need boundary adjustments in order for wildlife animals to survive by themselves with water sources and food.