• 제목/요약/키워드: Death of Theory

검색결과 170건 처리시간 0.028초

중환자실 간호사의 임상 적응 경험 (Experience of Clinical Adaptation among Nurses in Intensive Care Unit)

  • 홍진영;손수경
    • 중환자간호학회지
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.1-16
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    • 2024
  • Purpose : This study aimed to explore and describe intensive care unit (ICU) nurses' experience of clinical adaptation. Methods : The participants were 14 ICU nurses with more than two years of working experience in the ICU. Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews conducted between July and October 2021. Theoretical sampling was used to the point of theoretical saturation. Data were analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin method. Results : A total of 79 concepts, 37 subcategories, and 16 categories were identified through open coding. Axial coding based on the paradigm model revealed that the central phenomenon was "The harsh adversity faced in the nursing field where life and death are determined" and the core category was "Enduring the adversity of caring for critically ill patients and achieving self-realization." ICU nurses' clinical adaptation process was explained in five phases: "confrontation period," "turbulent period," "seeking period," "struggling period," and "stabilized period." The five phases that affect interventional conditions were "Support from reliable people," "Recognition of administrative and financial support." Conclusion : This study provided novel insights for a comprehensive understanding of ICU nurses' clinical adaptation processes. Furthermore, the findings are expected to be used as basic data to develop multifaceted strategies to help ICU nurses' adaptation to critical care.

질병의 사회.경제적 비용 추계 (The Socioeconomic Cost of Diseases in Korea)

  • 고숙자;정영호
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • 제39권6호
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    • pp.499-504
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    • 2006
  • Objectives : The aim of the study was to estimate the annual socioeconomic cost of diseases in Korea. Methods : We estimate both the direct and indirect costs of diseases in Korea during 2003 using a prevalence-based approach. The direct cost estimates included medical expenditures, traffic costs and caregiver's cost, and the indirect costs, representing the loss of production, included lost workdays due to illness and lost earnings due to premature death, which were estimated based on the human capital theory. The cost estimates were reported at three different discount rates (0, 3 and 5%). Results : The cost of diseases in Korea during 2003 was 38.4 trillion won based on 0% discount rate. This estimate represents approximately 5.3% of GDP The direct and indirect costs were estimated to be 22.5 trillion (58.5% of total cost) and 15.9 trillion won (41.5%), respectively. It was also found that the cost for those aged $40\sim49$ accounted for the largest proportion (21.7%) in relation to age groups. The cost of diseases for males was 23.5% higher than that for females. For major diseases, the total socioeconomic costs were 16.0, 13.4, 11.3 and 11.19% for neoplasms, and diseases of the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems, respectively. Conclusions : This study can be expected to provide valuable information for determining intervention and funding priorities, and for planning health policies.

현대 메이크업에 표현된 추 이미지에 관한 연구 -색채 표현을 중심으로- (A Study on the Ugliness Images Expressed in Modern Make-up -Focused on the Color Expressions-)

  • 변영희;채금석
    • 복식
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    • 제54권5호
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    • pp.27-39
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    • 2004
  • Since around 1990. some experimental and shocking ugliness images have been expressed in Fashion and Make-up as well as Fine arts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the trends of ugliness images expressed in Modern Make-up from 1995 to 2003, especially focusing on color, and to enlarge the expressions through formative elements and to anticipate the prospect of Make-up in the future. Ugliness is the most negative aesthetic value which is lack of beauty. The 20 century art trends representing the ugly shape have been distorted or deformed or destroyed and extremely exaggerated with yellow, red, black, blue, white, green. The image and color of ugliness can be summarized as historical, avant-garde, decadence, de-constructive, humorous, futuristic trend and Most of colors are the achromatic ones like black, white, dark gray and red. blue, dark brown and so on. These colors cause some negative attributes such as fear. anger, death, devil, Pain, bad, ill omen, sorrow, despair and the like. At the turning Point in 21C are to be extended the range of color according to the experimental attempts such as informal, collage, graphic and the forth. Lastly, The characteristics of ugliness images expressed in the color of Modern Make-up have been analyzed into formlessness and inaccuracy and deformation by Karl Rosenkranz's theory.

Mitochondria in reproduction

  • Min-Hee Kang;Yu Jin Kim;Jae Ho Lee
    • Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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    • 제50권1호
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 2023
  • In reproduction, mitochondria produce bioenergy, help to synthesize biomolecules, and support the ovaries, oogenesis, and preimplantation embryos, thereby facilitating healthy live births. However, the regulatory mechanism of mitochondria in oocytes and embryos during oogenesis and embryo development has not been clearly elucidated. The functional activity of mitochondria is crucial for determining the quality of oocytes and embryos; therefore, the underlying mechanism must be better understood. In this review, we summarize the specific role of mitochondria in reproduction in oocytes and embryos. We also briefly discuss the recovery of mitochondrial function in gametes and zygotes. First, we introduce the general characteristics of mitochondria in cells, including their roles in adenosine triphosphate and reactive oxygen species production, calcium homeostasis, and programmed cell death. Second, we present the unique characteristics of mitochondria in female reproduction, covering the bottleneck theory, mitochondrial shape, and mitochondrial metabolic pathways during oogenesis and preimplantation embryo development. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with ovarian aging, a diminished ovarian reserve, a poor ovarian response, and several reproduction problems in gametes and zygotes, such as aneuploidy and genetic disorders. Finally, we briefly describe which factors are involved in mitochondrial dysfunction and how mitochondrial function can be recovered in reproduction. We hope to provide a new viewpoint regarding factors that can overcome mitochondrial dysfunction in the field of reproductive medicine.

말기 암환자의 체험에 관한 현상학적 연구 (Lived Experience of patients with Terminal Cancer : Parses Human Becoming Methodology)

  • 이옥자
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제25권3호
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    • pp.510-537
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    • 1995
  • Human health is an integral part of experience in the process of Human Becoming. Through continual interaction with the environment human beings freely choose experience and develop as responsible beings. The process of the health experience of patient with terminal cancer is a unique. he objective of this study is to understand the lived experience of patients with terminal cancer in order to provide basic information for nursing care in the clinical setting and to develop a theoretical background for clinical practice. This study is to de-scribe and define the lived experience of patients with terminal cancer in order to provide a foundation for nursing research and education. Data collection has been done between December 1993 and November 1994. The subjects included five persons -four females and one male : one who was in her sixties, one in his fifties, two in their forties, and one who was in her thirties. The researcher has met with these patients 35 times, but at eight times the patient was in a stuporous condition and not able to participate, so these were not included in the data analysis. Parse's "Human Becoming Methodology", an existential phenomenological research methodology is used for this study. Data has been collected using he dialogical engagement process of "I and You", the participant researcher and the participant subject. Dialogical engagement was discontinued when the data was theoretically saturated. Data was analyzed using the extraction - synthesis and heuristic interpretation. The criteria of Guba and Lincoln(1985). and Sandelo wski(1986) : credibility, auditability, fitness and objectivity were used to test the validity and reliability of the data. The following is a description of the structure of the lived experience of patients with terminal cancer as defined by this study : 1. Structure : 1) Suffering through the reminiscence of past experience 2) The appearance of complex emotions related to life and connectedness 3) The increasing importance of significant people and of the Absolute Being 4) The increasing realization of the importance of health and belief 5) Desire for a return to health and a peaceful life or for acceptance of dying and a comfortable death In summary the structure of the lived experience of these patients can be said to be : suffering comes through reminiscence of past experience, and there are complex emotions related to life and connectedness. Significant people and the Absolute Being become increasingly important along with a realization of the importance of health and faith. And finally there is a desire for either a return to health and a peaceful life or for the acceptance of dying and a comfortable death. 2. Heuristic Interpretation : Using Parse's Human Becoming Methodology, the structure of the lived experience of patients with terminal cancer identified in this research is interpreted as. The lived experience of patients with terminal cancer involves the solving of past conflicts, and the experience of the healing and valuing of sorrow and pain. Through the relation of life and health, and the complex emotions that arise, the lived experience of revealing - concealing is of paradoxical emotions. The increasing importance of significant others and of the Absolute Being shows Connecting and Separating an on- going process of nearness and farness. Revision of thoughts about health and faith is interpreted as transforming and desire for restoration to health and a peaceful life or acceptance of dying and a cowfortable death, as powering. In summary, it is possible to see, in the lived experience of patients with terminal cancer, the relationship of the five concepts of Parse's theory : valuing, revealing -concealing, connecting-separating, transforming, and powering. From Parse's theory, the results of this study show that meaning is related to valuing, rhythmicity to revealing-concealing and connect-ing-separating, and cotranscendence to transforming and powering.

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항공 사고에서의 과실 이론 - 일본 항공 사고 판례를 중심으로 - (Negligence theory of Aviation accident with reference to the japanese aviation accident precedent)

  • 황호원;함세훈
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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    • 제23권2호
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    • pp.115-136
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    • 2008
  • 현재 민간 항공기의 기술 수준은 일반인들, 그리고 비행기의 선구자인 라이트 형제조차 상상하지 못할 만큼 발전되어 있다. 초기 조종사들과 달리 오늘 날의 조종사들은 항법사, 통신사, flight engineer 등 3명을 대신한 Flight Control Computer(FCC)등의 computer 탑재 장비들을 이용하여 안전하게 운항, 착륙할 수 있다. 그러나 불행하게도 이러한 최첨단의 항공기에서도 사고가 발생하고 있으며 대부분의 원인은 인간의 실수에서 기인한다. 조종사가 치명적인 실수를 하게 되는 이유 중의 하나는 복잡한 logic으로 운영되는 탑재 computer 장비와 아직도 완벽히 통제할 수 없는 기상 현상 때문이다. 항공기가 첨단화될수록 더 복잡한 절차의 운항이나 혹독한 기상에서 운항이 가능하지만 이와 비례하여 안전 운항에 대한 최종적인 의무를 부여받은 조종사들의 부담은 커져갈 수밖에 없는 것이 현실이다. 그러나 현재 우리나라의 과실이론은 현실적으로 빈번히 발생되고 있는 차량 사고나 의료 사고에 맞추어 발전하였기에 다양한 원천에서 발생하는 크고 작은 위협 환경을 갖고 있는 첨단의 항공 분야의 과실이론과 간극이 있다고 할 수 있다. 허용된 위험 이론을 고려해볼 때 현재 운항되고 있는 고속철이나 우주선은 이미 운용하는 인간의 능력을 초과하여 운행되고 있기에 첨단 분야에 적합한 과실이론이 필요한 시점이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 2007년 항소심 판결이 난 자동 조종 장치(autopilot)와 조종사 그리고 불상의 원인들이 복합적으로 작용하여 발생한 JAL 706 항공 판례를 중심으로 일본 항공 판례 및 우리 항공판례를 비교 검토하고 기존의 과실 이론을 비교하여 항공 사고에 적합한 과실이론을 제시하고자 한다. 우리 나라도 항공사고 특성의 하나인 복합성을 고려하여 사고 조사나 판결에서도 사고와 직접적으로 연결되지 않는 사항에 대하여 주의의무 위반 관계를 과감히 배제하는 것이 필요하다. 모든 구체적 사건을 포섭할 수 있는 완벽한 형법 이론이 존재하지 않지만 상당인과관계설은 구체적 사건에서 판단자의 평가 여하에 따라 서로 다른 결론에 도달할 수 있고 항공기는 때때로 조종사가 통제할 수 있는 영역을 넘어서 운항되는 고속화된 교통수단이고 인간과 computer 그리고 기상이 interface되어 운항되기에 일반적 교통사고의 이해를 적용하기에는 무리가 따르기에 우리나라의 항공사고에서 객관적 귀속의 척도 사용을 고려할 때가 되었다고 생각된다.

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연천 홍석주의 예술론(藝術論)에 대한 일고찰 - 정약용(丁若鏞)과의 차이점을 중심으로 - (A study about art theory of Yeoncheon Hong Seok-joo - Focused on difference with Jeong Yak-yong丁若鏞)

  • 윤종일
    • 동양고전연구
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    • 제55호
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    • pp.223-264
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    • 2014
  • 연천 홍석주(淵泉 洪奭周: 1774-1842)는 정조의 문체반정 정책에 충실한 수행자의 역할을 한 사람이었다. 그는 1794년 이래 초계문신으로 정조를 가까이 대하면서 그 영향을 받았다. 뿐만 아니라 그는 정조 사후(1800) 이래 비교적 순탄한 사환기(仕宦期, 1795-1836)를 가지면서 자신의 독자적인 학문관을 정립했던 인물로 평가된다. 홍석주는 성리학적 문학론의 핵심개념인 '도본문말(道本文末)' 사상에 바탕을 둔 '문이재도(文以載道)'의 이론을 벗어나지 않는 범주에서, 문(文)과 시(詩)의 기능을 명교(明敎)와 감인(感人)으로 구분한다. 문의 방면으로는 교훈적 대사회적인 기능을, 시의 방면에서는 성정과 천기를 중시하는 감성적 이해에 주목하였다. 홍석주는 세교설(世敎說)에 입각하여 도덕적 감발과 그를 통한 사회적 교화를 예술 창작의 핵심에 놓고 있다. 뿐만 아니라, 그의 예술작품의 중요 요소로 언급되고 있는 '흥관군원(興觀群怨)'이나 '여항구요(閭巷謳謠)'와 같은 표현은 예술행위에 있어서의 객관적 대상의 실재를 중시하고 그 실상과 부합되는 묘사를 요구하는 태도에 연결되는데 이러한 표현방식은 마치 회화에 있어서 그가 풍속화적(風俗畵的)인 특성을 지향하고 있었던 것은 아닌가 하는 의미망으로도 추정된다. 반면 정약용은 성리학적 문이재도론의 입장에서 주희의 '시경론'을 비판하는 데로 나아간 것이 특징이다. 그는 "시경"의 시편과 일반시의 정치사회적 기능을 부각시키고 있으며, 주희의 시에 관한 담론을 자신의 견해에 의하여 재해석한다. 작자(作者)가 정치적, 사회적 비판을 행한 것이 국풍의 시라는 것이다. 정약용의 국풍론은 사회정치적 맥락 속에서 사대부 계층의 실천적 역할을 강조하는 정약용의 사상을 여실하게 드러내고 있다.

본태성 고혈압 환자의 자가간호증진을 위한 자기조절 프로그램 효과 -Orem이론과 Bandura이론의 합성과 검증- (An Effect of the Self-Regulation Program for Hypertensives -Synthesis & testing of Orem and Bandura's theory-)

  • 박영임;홍여신
    • 지역사회간호학회지
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    • 제5권2호
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    • pp.109-129
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    • 1994
  • Chronic health problems has become a major concern and challenge to the health care professionals today. Especially hypertension, one of the leading primary cause of death in Korea, is a typical chronic disease requiring adequate and continuous management. Though these hypertensives need to maintain desirable health practice by themselves for their life time, many previous studies indicated that most of the essential hypertensives have no specific symptoms and thus, reluctant to follow appropriate medical regimens causing the condition further aggravated and complicated. Self-care is an essential factor that keeps chronic patients in control of their health and wellness. Thus this study was conducted to identify the effect of the comprehensive self-regulation program as a nursing intervention on the promotion self-care performance and improvement in physical parameters of hypertensives. For this purpose, a one group quasi-experimental research with pre and post test design was used. The subjects of the study was consisted of thirty persons with mild or moderate essential hypertension from two companies in Cheong-ju city. The whole program was carried out from October, 1993 to February, 1994. The self-regulation program was consisted with group education on hypertension and self-care, self-regulation including the blood pressure self-monitoring and recording, recording of daily self-care activities, and encouraging and reinforcing self-efficacy through verbal persuation and enactive attainment. The subjects were asked to measure their own blood pressure by themselves twice per day and to record blood pressure and the daily self-care performance according to the instructions provided during the whole period of 9 weeks. The instruments used for data collection in this study were as follows : 1) Instruments used for measuring the knowledge about hypertension, multiple health locus of control, and perceived benifits and barriers were adapted from previous studies and modified by author to be fit for the subjects. 2) Self-efficacy scale and self-care performance record were developed by the author. 3) Physiological parameters included systolic / diastolic blood pressure, body weight, level of blood cholesterol, and 24hour ambulatory blood pressure. The post-experimental Cronbach's Alpha as the reliability test of scales were 0.703-0.897, an appropriate level of confidence. The effect of the program was analyzed by experimental stages ; the first week, the fifth week, and the ninth week since the experimental imput began. Data were analyzed by the SPSS PC+ program with paired t-test and t-test, repeated measure ANOVA, and pearson's correlation to de termine the effect of program. The results were as follows : 1) After the self-regulation program, scores on knowledge(t=-2.41, p=.011), perceived self-efficacy (F=5.60, p=.001), self-care performance(F=22.31, p=.0001) were significantly higher than those before the program. 2) After the program, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly lower than those before the program(F=10.89 -13.11, p=.0001). However in 24hour ambulatory blood pressure, systolic mean pressure was nearly significantly lower, but not in diastolic mean pressure. 3) After the program, the body weight was significant decresed(t=5.53, p=.0001), but the blood cholesterol level was not decreased significantly except in those cases with higher cholesterol level. 4) There were significant relationships between changes in self-care performance and diastolic pressure at 1st week (r=.3389, p=.033) and changes in self-care performance and systolic pressure at 9th week(r=.3651, p=.024). 5) There were significant relationship between perceived self-efficacy and self-care performance at 5th week(r=.5313, p=.001) and 9th week (r=.3026, p=.052). 6) After the program, internal health locus of control and perceived benefits did not show significant change, but perceived barriers was significantly lower than those before the program (t=3.57, p=.0001). From the above results, it can be concluded that 1) The self-regulation program is an effective nursing strategy to promote self-care performance of hypertensives and to lower the blood pressure. Thus this program can be recommended in the management of the hypertensives in workplaces and community settings. 2) The synthesis of Orem's self-care theory and Bandura's self-regulation & self-efficacy theory in this study was proved to enhance explanation and prediction of the change of self-care behavior. Thus the result of the study would contribute in development of the self-care theory and an expansion of practice-theory.

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${\ll}$소문(素問).천원기대론(天元紀大論)${\gg}$에 대(對)한 연구(硏究)

  • 김근영;윤창열
    • 대한한의학원전학회지
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    • 제11권1호
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    • pp.224-307
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    • 1998
  • The above study is based upon the Theory of Five Woon(Reasons) and Six Qi(Climates), namely Five dynamic Yin and Yang, the principle of five-six combination, the rules of ten periodically changing Woon and twelve periodically changing Qi, and its reference to the main chapters of the theory by several experts. After careful, comprehensive research and study, the followings are concluded. 1. The Theory of Five Woon and Six Qi controls all of the physical phenomena of the universe, yet it originates from Essence of the Sky that is replete and in constant motion within the abysmal expanse of the universe. So it is natural to claim that it is the Essence of the universe that is the source of the variety of phenomena in nature. 2. There is order of dynamics in the Essence and it is Yin Yang Five Movement and expressed by Five Woon and Six Qi. Therefore the Five Woon and Six Qi, which is the climatic changes of nature, is the basis and condition for all of the natural, physical occurrences including the organic phenomena of human beings. 3. Since the Sky embodied the number Five, and the Earth the number Six, Qi of the Sky itself is consequently Five Woon and Qi of the Earth itself is Six Qi. 4. In Sixty Repetition Intervals (Yuk Sip Kap Ja), the Sky took the number Six, designating the six times repetition of the ten Intervals of the Sky and the Earth chose the number Five, symbolizing five times recurrence of the twelve Intervals of the Earth. Though the number for the Sky is Five and the number for the Earth is Six, the two combine and interact in order for the Sky to exploit the number Six and for the Earth to use the number Five. This interplay implies the relationship of operation and principle of Yin in Yang and Yang in Yin. 5. There seems to be clear and intimate association between five dynamics, five bearings and five Qi' in nature and five organs, five stamina, and five emotions in physiological activities of human beings. Such an correlation apparently demonstrates the idea of climatic changes of the universe in balance among human beings, the Sky, and the Earth. 6. Because nature is of an endlessly dynamic organism itself, to have changes must mear there being movements. Thus the climatic changes in nature are the subsequent consummation of the interaction in mutual balance and unbalance of the rise and fall of the Five Woon and Six Qi. 7. The interpretation, by Chang Ji Chong of "Yin and Yang of the Sky are for birth and growth and Yin and Yang of the Earth for demise and interment" as an explanation that the first half is mainly for life and the second half for death, appears to be correct by his view that there is balance and harmony between the long and short and the strong and weak. 8. In addition to Three Yang and Three Yin, as attributes of the Intervals of the Sky and the twelve Intervals of the Earth, Five Woon and Six Qi are utilized in the annual observation of the perpetual changes of climates.

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얀 라우어스(Jan Lauwers) 공연의 탈서사적 특징들 -<이사벨라의 방(Isabella's Room)>, <랍스터 가게(The Lobster Shop)>, <사슴의 집(Deer House)>을 중심으로- (The post-epic characteristics in Jan Lauwers' theatre -, and -)

  • 남지수
    • 한국연극학
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    • 제48호
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    • pp.447-484
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    • 2012
  • This study aims to analyze the characteristics of post-epic theatre in the Belgian theatre director Jan Lauwers' trilogy titled in "Happy Face/Sad Face": (2004), (2006) and (2008). I regard that it played a very important junction for him to create his own theatrical style compared to earlier years. From this period, Lauwers has tried to create his original plays in order to concentrate the story of our era and has showed to combine a variety of media such as dance, installation, video, singing etc. In this context, I would like to study his own theatricality from the three perspectives of dramaturgy, directing and acting largely based on Hans-Thies Lehmann's theory of post-epic theatre, who pointed out the significance of Lauwer's theatrical leading role very early. First, from the dramaturgical point of view, we need to pay attention to the theme of translunary death; where the living and the dead coexist on the stage. In fact, death is the theme that Lauwers has been struggling to research for quite long time. In his trilogy, the dead never exits the stage. The dead, who is not a representative tragic character, even meddles the things among or with the living and provide comments to people. As a consequence, it happens to reduce a dramaturgical strong tension, leads depreciation of suspense and produces humanism in a way. This approach helps to create his unique comical theatrical atmosphere even though he deals with the contemporary tragic issues such as war, horror and death. Second, from the directing point of view, it is worth to take a look at the polyphonic strategy in terms to applying various media. Among all the things, the arts of dancing and singing in chorus are actively applied in Lauwer's trilogy. The dance is used in individual and microscopic way, on the other hand, singing shows collective and is a macroscopic quality. The dance is the representing media to show Lauwer's simultaneous microscopic mise-en-scene. While main plot takes place around the center-stage, actors perform a dance around the off-centered stage. Instead of exiting from the stage during the performance, the actors would continue dance -sometimes more like movements- around the off-centered stage. This not only describes the narrative, but also shows how each character is engaged to the main plot or incident, and how they look into it as a character. Its simultaneous microscopic mise-en-scene intends to function such as: showing a variety moments of lives, amplifying some moments or incidents, revealing character's emotion, creating illusionary theatrical atmosphere and so on. Meanwhile, singing simple lyrics and tunes are an example of the media to stimulate the audiences' catharsis. As the simple melody lingers in the audiences' mind, it ends up delivering a theatrical message or theme after the performance. This message would be transferred from the singing in chorus functions as a sort of leitmotive in order to make an impression to the audience. This not only richens their emotion but also creates an illusionary effect. Third, from the acting perspective, I'd like to point out the "detachment" aesthetic which Lehmann has pointed out. The actors never go deep into the drama by consistently doing recognize a theatrical illusion. The audience happens to pay attention to their presence through the actor's deliberate gesture, business, movement, rhythm, language, dance etc. The actors are against forming closed action by speaking in various languages or by revealing deliberately stage directions or acts, and by creating expressive mise-en-scene with multiple media. As a consequent, the stage can be transformed to not a metaphoric but a metonymic place. These actions are the ultimate intention for a direct effect to the audience. So to speak, Lauwers uses the anti-illusionary theatrical method: the scenes of fantastic death, interruption of singing and dance, speaking many kinds of languages, acting in detachment-status and so on. These strategies function to make cracks in spectators' desire who has a desire to construct a linear narrative. I'd like to say that it is the numerous potentiality to let the reality penetrate though and collide the reality with a fiction. By doing so, it induces for spectators to see the reality in the fiction. As Lehmann says, "when theatre presents itself as a sketch and not as a finished painting, the spectators are given the chance to feel their own presence, to reflect on it, and to contribute to the unfinished character themselves". In this sense the spectators can perform an objective criticism on our society and world in Lauwer's theatre because there are a number of gaps and cracks in his theatrical illusion where reality can penetrate. This is also the point that we can find out the artists' responsibility in this era of our being.