• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 2016

Background: Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis is a relatively common craniofacial anomaly and various techniques were introduced to achieve its operative goals. Authors found that by using smaller bone fragments than that used in conventional cranioplasty, sufficiently rigid bone union and effective regeneration capacity could be achieved with better postoperative outcome, only if their stable fixation was ensured. Methods: Through bicoronal incisional approach, involved synostotic cranial bone together with its surrounding areas were removed. The resected bone flap was split into as many pieces as possible. The extent of this 'multi-split osteotomy' depends on the degree of dysmorphology, expectative volume increment after surgery and probable dead space caused by bony gap between bone segments. Rigid interosseous fixation was performed with variable types of absorbable plate and screw. In all cases, the pre-operational three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) was checked and brain CT was taken immediately after the surgery. Also about 12 months after the operation, 3D CT was checked again to see postoperative morphology improvement, bone union, regeneration and intracranial volume change. Results: The bony gaps seen in the immediate postoperative brain CT were all improved as seen in the 3D CT after 12 months from the surgery. No small bone fragment resorption was observed. Brain volume increase was found to be made gradually, leaving no case of remaining epidural dead space. Conclusion: We conclude that it is meaningful in presenting a new possibility to be applied to not only nonsyndromic craniosynostosis but also other reconstructive cranial vault surgeries.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1149-1158
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• 2000

A radioisotope tracer experiment was carried out in the submerged fixed bioreactor of a dye wastewater treatment facility to evaluate the flow behaviors in the 6 compartments of the reactor and to find any possible factors which may affect to the efficiency of the process. Approximately 20mCi of $^{131}I$ was injected into the system as a tracer and 8 radiation detectors were placed in the 6 compartments and at the inlet and the outlet of the system to measure the change of the tracer concentration with time. Using the Perfect Mixers in Series Model the measured data were analyzed to calculate the mean residence time and the characteristic parameters of the flow in the system. The mean residence time of the system was calculated as 17 hours which is 76% of the designed MRT(22.3hr). Among the 6 compartments, the first compartment doesn't show the characteristic of perfect mixer, whereas, the other 5 compartments are working as perfect mixers. The output response of the first compartment is fit well with the simulated output of a model which consists of a perfect mixer with an exchange volume. It indicates that a quarter of the tank volume is working as a dead volume or an exchange volume. From the measured residence time distributions in each compartment, the appropriate sampling times after the change of operational condition of the electron beam accelerator were evaluated.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.189-194
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• 2012

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is generally considered dead woody material in various stages of forest decomposition and has been hypothesized to be an important habitat feature for mammals in forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA. Sherman and pitfall trapping were conducted for 2 years on three paired sites with low and high amounts of CWD. Deer mice was the dominant species with a total capture of 605 (45.6%). Four species of insectivores were captured, including Sorex moncicolus, S. trowbridgii, S. vagrans, and Neurotrichus gibbsii. A Poisson regression model was used to test whether 11 CWD variables could predict insectivore captures. The volume of logs and mean decay were important variables for deer mice use of CWD. Mean distance from pieces of CWD to the capture point was significantly related to the total number of captures of trowbridge shrew (Sorex trowbridgii) and all insectivore species. Vagrant shrews (Sorex vagrans) were significantly associated with log volume. Retaining large size CWD should be part of a management plan for ground-dwelling insectivores in forests to secure their biodiversity.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.21 no.2 s.24
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• pp.267-270
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• 1988

The medical record of ECC and pulmonary function test of 297 cases who were dead at hospital or admitted as coal workers' pneumoconiosis were used for the study of the relationship between forced expiratory volume in one second($FEV_{1.0}$) and ECG sign of pulmonale. The incidence of T wave inversion in $V_1$ lead was significantly increased as $FEV_{1.0}$ decrease. The incidence of T wave inversion in $V_1$ lead was over the half in the group of $FEV_{1.0}$ less than 0.7l.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 2000

Chromatographic retention mechanism of seven benzoic acids in RPLC were investigated. Inorganic salt is pertinent for the measurement of dead time in benzoic acid. Logarthims of capacity factor (log k') and Hildebrand solubility parameter (${\delta}$) showed proportional relationship which imply the hydrophobic effect of the retention mechanism in RPLC. Enthalpies of solute transfer showed inverse proportion to temperature and organic modifier ratio of the mobile phase. It was found that the S value showed positive slope in plot of log k' vs. volume fraction of water in mobile phase. Free energy change increases with increasing organic volume fraction. The hydrophobicity index, ${\varphi}_0$(organic volume fraction) is inversely proportional to column temperature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.626-635
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• 2009

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA), Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT), Pentoxifylline (PTX), Theophylline (TPY) and Theobromine (TBR) on cold protection ability of Murrah buffalo semen at room ($22-25^{\circ}C$) and refrigerated temperature ($4-7^{\circ}C$). Each semen sample was divided into six parts of equal volume and sperm concentration; the first was kept as a control and the remaining five were treated with BHA, BHT, PTX, TPY or TBR. Sperm motility, abnormal spermatozoa, live-dead count, hypo-osmotic swelling and acrosomal integrity were studied at room and refrigerated temperature for various incubation periods viz.; 0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h at room and 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h at refrigerated temperature. Significant improvement in sperm motility, live-dead count, hypo-osmotic swelling and acrosomal integrity were observed in BHT, PTX and TPY fortified extender at room and refrigerated temperature for various incubation periods. From the present study it could be concluded that cold protection ability of buffalo semen can be improved through the addition of BHT followed by PTX and TPY.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.45-52
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• 2014

Torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) are productive methods to reclaim energy from lignocellulosic biomass. The hydrophobic, homogenized, energy dense and carbon rich solid fuel can be obtain from torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization. Dead leaves were carbonized in a stainless steel reactor of volume 200 ml with torrefaction ($250-270^{\circ}C$) for 120 minutes and hydrothermal carbonization ($200-250^{\circ}C$) for 30 minutes, with mass yield solid fuel ranging from 57-70% and energy content from 16.81MJ/kg to 22.01 MJ/kg compare to the biomass. The char produced from torrefaction process possess high energy content than hydrothermal carbonization. The highest energy yield of 89.96% was obtained by torrefaction at $250^{\circ}C$. The energy densification ratio fluctuated in between 1.15 to 1.30. On the basis of pore size distribution of the chars, the definition of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) was used as a classification standard. The pore diameter was ranging within 11.09-19 nm which play important role in water holding capacity in soil. Larger pores can hold water and provide passage for small pores. Therefore, it can be concluded that high pore size char can be obtained my HTC process and high energy content char of 22.01 MJ/Kg with 34.04% increase in energy can be obtain by torrefaction process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.203-210
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• 2015

This paper investigates the failure of a car with a 2.5-liter CRDi engine of the Hyundai Company. The failure is caused by intermittent poor acceleration while driving. To analyze the cause, we investigated the air intake volume, the fuel injection, and the air-fuel ratio, which were determined to be normal. The brake switch signal error was discovered while analyzing the function that limits the output of the engine. While investigating the cause, we discovered the corrosion of the pins on the connector of the brake switch. We determined that it was generated by soapy water flowing in the solar film. Therefore, the cause of the failure was the brake switch signal errors. Additionally, we determined that ECM was the normal fail-safe mode that implemented the override device for safety during normal acceleration. Based on these results, further solar film experiments must be conducted to fully elucidate the causes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2002

Eggs obtained from 46 and 42 weeks old meat (Hybro) and layer (Leghorn) breeders flocks, respectively were used to examine the effects of genetic type of birds and egg size (small, medium and large) on variables of eggshell characteristics and hatchability traits. The variables measured were egg weight (EW), egg surface area (ESA) and eggshell characteristics (shell conductance (EC), per cent shell (PS), shell thickness (ST), shell volume (SV), shell density (SD) and hatchability traits (per cent hatchability (HP), early dead embryos (ED), late dead embryos (LD), pips with live embryos (PL) and pips with dead embryos (PD)). Genetic type of bird influenced all egg characteristics and HP of eggs. Eggs produced by the small Leghorn bird had lower EW, ESA, EC, ST, SV and HP than those produced by the heavy Hybro bird. The reduction of HP was associated with an increase in the percentage of ED and PL. Egg size influenced all variables measured except ST. Small size eggs had lower EW, ESA and EC and higher PS and SD than those of large eggs. Medium size eggs produced a higher HP when compared with that of large size eggs. The reduction of HP in large eggs was associated with higher percentage of ED, LD and PL. There were significant interactions between the genetic group of birds and egg size on LD and HP. Large egg size of Hybro birds had higher LD and lower HP than those of small size eggs produced by the same flock. However, There was no difference in HP and LD among the different egg sizes produced by Leghorn birds. It was concluded that genetic make up of birds and egg size influence eggshell characteristics and HP. The type of bird (heavy or small) influences the optimum egg size for successful hatching. Attention should be given to the size and eggshell characteristics of eggs of breeders' flocks for achieving maximum HP.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.69-80
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• 2001

Larix kaemferi Carr. is one of main timber species in Korea that could be found in plantations and growing stands on all over the country The proper practice of thinning is one of very important techiques in silviculture, which greatly affects the quality and size of timber produced. Proper thinning period is considered to be important for maintaining stand growth before competition initiated. To investigate suitable thinning period, this study investigates the volume and radial growths of Larix kaemferi plantation in Mt. Worak located in the central part of Korea. The main findings and conclusions obtained from this study were as follow ; (1) The tree height curve equation for Larix kaemferi in Mt. Worak was calculated H=4.25783+0.80024D(H=Tree height, D=DBH). (2) To estimate tree volume for Larix kaemferi by DBH and tree height or only by DBH, regression equations were calculated as V=0.00147-0.002095D-0.000211H+0.00015D.H++$0.000744D^2$+$0.000008H^2$(V=Volume(($m^3$), H=Tree height(m), D=DBH(cm)), V=0.0000794-0.000512D+$0.000826D^2$. (3) The criteria of estimating thinning time of Larix kaemferi are the age when maximum tree height-MAI(mean annual increment) obtained and the age when annual DBH increments of dead trees decrease to below average. (4) The age of maximum tree height MAI was not significantly correlated with stocking. Therefore, it can not be used as a criterion for estimating thinning time of Larix kaemferi (5) The estimated thinning time equation of Larix kaemferi was obtained by regression analysis of the disk section collected from dead trees. The obtained equation is Y=0.2825+0.01752X(Y=Desirable thinning age, X=the sum total of nearest 4-trees interval(cm)). (6) General estimated thinning age of Larix kaemferi, which planted 3,086 stocks/ha, is concluded as 12 to 14 year.