• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.823-827
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• 2005

Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) contents and its critical quality parameters were analyzed using two-rowed, six-rowed, and hulless barleys. DON content in the two-rowed Korean barleys was lower than that in the six-rowed barleys. The average DON contents of six-rowed, two-rowed, and hulless barleys were 1.35 ppm, 0.36 ppm, and 0.49 ppm, respectively. The DON content was reduced by 6.2% by sieving, by 6.0% by washing with water and by 18.1-69.8% by treatment with aqueous chemical solutions. Of the reagents investigated, aqueous sodium bicarbonate gave the greatest reduction in the barley DON level. The DON content was reduced to 62.5% of initial level after 3 days of steeping and to 23.1% after 3 days of germination. DON was not detected after steeping barley for 24 hr in 0.1M $Na_2CO_3$ solution with 0.1 % activated carbon.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.84-93
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• 2010

다양한 환경조건에서 미국좀부처꽃의 발아 및 출아 특성을 평가하기 위하여 식물생장상에서 페트리 디쉬와 포트 실험을 수행하였다. 미국좀부처꽃은 $35/30^{\circ}C$와 0 bar의 삼투포텐셜 조건에서 발아가 가장 잘되었으나 온도가 $15^{\circ}C$ 이하나 $40^{\circ}C$ 이상, 삼투포텐셜이 -2.0 bar 이하와 암조건에서 발아되지 않았다. 출아의 최적온도는 $35/30^{\circ}C$로 판단되며 이 조건에서 파종 후 7일차에 출아가 개시되어 10일차에 최대 출아율에 도달하였으며, 온도가 $15/10^{\circ}C$ 이하나 $40/35^{\circ}C$ 이상 조건에서는 출아가 안 되거나 현저히 감소하였다. 파종심도의 증가에 따라 출아율은 현저히 감소하여 3 cm 이상의 파종심도에서는 출아하지 않았다. 비선형회귀분석을 한 결과 파종 후 시간의 경과에 따른 미국좀부처꽃의 누적 발아 및 출아는 Gompertz 모델로 잘 설명되었으며 삼투포텐셜에 따른 발아와 파종심도에 따른 출아는 logistic 모델로 잘 설명되었다. 결론적으로 미국좀부처꽃은 광발아성으로 발아 및 출아 가능 온도는 $15^{\circ}C$ 이상, 삼투포텐셜은 -2.0bar 이상, 토양심도는 3 cm 이하임을 본 연구를 통하여 확인하였다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2005

Conidial development of Cordyceps militaris was observed from germinating ascospores and vegetative hyphae through light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ascospores were discharged from fresh specimens of C. militaris in sterile water as well as Sabouraud Dextrose agar plus Yeast Extract (SDAY) plates. We observed ascospore germination and conidial formation periodically. Under submerged condition in sterile water, most part-spores germinated unidirectionally and conidia were developed directly from the tips of germinating hyphae of part-spores within 36 h after ascospore discharge, showing microcyclic conidiation. First-formed conidia were cylindrical or clavate followed by globose and ellipsoidal ones. Germination of ascospores and conidial development were observed on SDAY agar by SEM. Slimy heads of conidia on variously arranged phialides, from solitary to whorl, developed 5 days after ascospore discharge. Besides, two distinct types of conidia, elongated pyriform or cylindrical and globose, were observed in the same slimy heads by SEM. Conidia were shown to be uninucleate with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. Conidiogenous cells were more slender than vegetative hyphae, having attenuated tips. Microcyclic conidiation, undifferentiated conidiogenous hyphae (phialides), polymorphic conidia and solitary, opposite to whorled type of phialidic arrangement are reported here as the characteristic features of asexual stage of C. militaris, which can be distinguished from other Cordyceps species.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.70-77
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• 1999

This study was carried out to suggest an effective method for the rehabilitation of Close-to-Nature River and artificial wetland. The results on the revegetation methods by seeding and sodding of Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Themeda triandra, and Pennisetum alopecuroides were summarized as follows. Seed germination of Phragmites japonica was 76.3% at $30^{\circ}C$, that of Miscanthus sacchariflorus was 68.7% at $20^{\circ}C$, that of Themeda triandra germinated 52.3% at $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ constant temperature and that of Pennisetum alopecuroides germinated 86.7% at $30^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C$ alternating temperature. Seed germination of Pennisetum alopecuroides exceeded 80% at $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ constant temperature and $25^{\circ}C/15^{\circ}C$ alternating temperature. At 60 days after seeding, the ground coverage of Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Themeda triandra, and Pennisetum alopecuroides reached 81%, 81 %, 74%, and 86% respectively in the soil media of vermiculite and peatmoss(1 : 1 by volume). In the results of sod experiment, Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Themeda triandra, and Pennisetum alopecuroides were formed sod completely in soil composition type of vermiculite and peatmoss(1 : 1, v/v). Thus this media seems to be best sad production media for rehabilitation works of Close-to-Nature River and man-made wetlands. Phragmites japonica and Miscanthus sacchariflorus were not significantly different in shoot height and the number of tillers by different planting distance for the first one year of experiment. Pennisetum alopecuroides shows high possibility to be used for Close-to-Nature River rehabilitation works by seeding.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.83-87
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• 1996

The effects of gibberilin ($GA_3$) on levels of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin in both fresh and stratified American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) seeds were investigated. In our first experiment, the fresh seeds were stratified after soaked in 80 ppd $GA_3$ solution for 24 hours. We found that the IAA concentration in embryo increased by 50.7% and 82.1% respectively at the 120th day and the 188th day of stratification, and the zeatin concentration also increased by 3.8% and 51.6% respectively. In our second experiment, we treated the seeds after 134 days stratification with 80 ppm GA3 for 24 hours and then continued to stratify them. We found that the IAA concentration in embryo increased by 32.9% and 17.7% respectively at the 164th day and the 208th day of stratification while zeatin concentration increased by 22.7% and 30.6% respectively In our another experiment, we studied the effects of $GA_3$, abscislc acid (ABA) and GA, plus ABA on germination rate of seeds treated with these plant hormones during stratification. We found that when the stratified seeds whose ratio of embryo had reached 75% were treated with 80 ppm GA3 for 24 hours and then were allowed to be stratified for another 88 days, the weight and length of embryo (p < 0.05), and germination rate (p < 0.01) increased. In contrast, the 25 ppm ABA treated with for 24 hours was found to Inhibit the growth of embryo (p < 0.05) and reduce the germination rate (p < 0.05) . The experiment of combination treatment of $GA_3$ and ABA showed that $GA_3$ could relieve the inhibitory effects of the ABA on the development of the seeds.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.231-231
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• 2017

Drought limits rice production under upland condition. This study quantified the effect of rhizobacteria inoculation on rice root system developmental response to drought and its role in maintaining high soil water use, and dry matter production under drought using NSIC Rc192 (rainfed lowland rice variety). The source of inoculant was Streptomyces mutabilis, a recently isolated rhizobacteria containing plant growth promoting compounds such as ACC deaminase, indole-3-acetic acid and phosphatase (Cruz et al., 2014, 2015). In the first experiment, pre-germination inoculation of seeds with S. mutabilis significantly increased the shoot and root (radicle) length as well as root hair lengths, relative to the non-inoculated control. In the second experiment, rice plants inoculated with S. mutabilis and grown in rootbox with soil generally had greater total root length under drought regardless of the timing of inoculations, relative to the non-inoculated control. Consequently, improved root system development contributed to the increase in soil water uptake under drought and thus, dry matter production. Among inoculation treatments, one-time inoculation of S. mutabilis either at pre-germination or pre-drought stress at 14 days after sowing (DAS), had significantly greater shoot dry matter production than three-time inoculation at pre-germination, at thinning (3 DAS) and at pre-drought (14 DAS). This study demonstrated the effectiveness of rhizobacteria (S. mutabilis) containing growth promoting compounds for enhancing drought dehydration avoidance root traits and improving the growth of rice plants under drought condition.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2012

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of weed interference and starter fertilizer on subsequent soybean seed quality at the Agricultural Research Farm and Laboratory of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Two factorial experiment was laid-outon a randomized complete block design with four replications. First factor was starter fertilizer levels (0 and 25 kg $ha^{-1}$) applied in the forms of monoammonium phosphate, the second factor was different weed interference periods consisted of five initial weed-free periods (in which, plots were kept free of weeds for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after crop emergence (DAE) and then weeds were allowed to grow until harvest) and five initial weed-infested periods (in which, weeds were allowed to grow for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60DAE, after which the plots were kept free of weeds until harvest). Full season weedy condition reduced 100-seed weight, seed germination percentage and seedling dry weight by 25.9, 13.3 and 22.5%, respectively and increased mean germination time and seed electrical conductivity by 55.8 and 24.3%, respectively as compared with full season weed-free control. However, the traits under study were not significantly influenced when field was kept free of weeds for at least 45 DAE (R1) or weedy condition was continued for less than 30 DAE (V8). There was a significant and negative correlation between weed biomass and seed weight (r = -0.93), so that when weed free condition was less than 45 DAE or weed infested period was continued for at least 30 DAE, soybean plants produced wrinkled and underdeveloped seeds with lower weights and qualities. Moreover, soybean seed quality reduction due to weed interference was more evident when starter fertilizer was applied and weeds interfered with soybean from the beginning of the growing season. Information from the present study is beneficial in soybean seed production systems and where farmers use the harvested seeds for the following planting.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2002

This study is carried out to make the environmentally affinitive porous planting block for revegetation and to make a effective program for greening plans. The summary is shown below. 1. In order to get stronger intensity and distribute proper porosity in the block for planting, the cements mixed with fine soil were used and the finer in soil grains gives the stronger in intensity of the cements. Use of the furnace slag cements instead of the portland cements showed relatively stronger in intensity of the block. The intensity of the block became stronger when the mixed ratio of the cements to soil is 5 : 1, but the pore space ratio was lower. The percolate pH of the portland cements after one month of treatment was 13.1 but the percolate pH of the furnace slag cements was shown lower. To mold proper porous planting blocks, the proper combination of additives such as the dehydrating agent, elastic agent and adhesives into the mixture of cements and soil gives better effectives. 2. After molding the porous planting blocks, it gave a better result when the grains of the filler made of peat moss, upland soil and compound fertilizer were smaller than 2 mm in size. Shaking of the filling materials also gave the better result, but it took more time and cost much more. Therefore, it was better when the filling materials were mixed with water first then flew down for stuffing. 3. It was necessary to cover with soil after seeding or planting on the porous planting blocks. The proper thickness of the soil to help root development and keep moisture is about 3~5 cm. 4. The plants for planting on the porous planting block were required stronger in the growth condition of their roots and their environmental adaptability. The average germination percentage and rate of Platycodon grandiflorum on the porous planting block were 88.8% and 85% accordingly and their rate is very uniform. The germination rates of Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus and Taraxacum officinale were more than 50%. These grass species, Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum, Lysimachia mauritiana and Scabiosa mansenensis were the suggested biennial grasses in the planting area where exchanging of the seedling or nursery plants was not necessary because their germination rates were 59.3, 45.6 and 40.3% accordingly. Viola kapsanensis, Chrysanthemum sp., Taraxacum sp. and Iris ensata var. spontanea are the grass species that could be used by seeding for greening. However, the germination rate of Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica, Aster scaber and Lythrum anceps were lower than 10%. The coverage ratio of Ixeris stolonifera is more than 80% after 60 days seeding and the root length of most of species are more than 10 cm except Iris ensata var. spontanea and Platycodon grandiflorum because their root developed thicker than other species.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.277-286
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• 1987

인삼종자의 휴비 및 발아기구의 해명을 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 종자의 후숙과정중 ABA의 함양변화를 조사하여 미숙배의 생장 및 발아와의 관계를 검토하였다. 1. 홍숙과에 있어서 ABA 함량은 과육이 종자나 내과피보다 현저하게 높았으며 이들 분포는 수분분포와 비슷하였다. 2. 개갑처리과정중 ABA 함량은 종자 및 내과피에서 모두 점차 감소되었는데 처리 90 일후 (개갑률 :96 %)에 종자에서는 90 pmol/gDW로 69 %가, 내과피에 서는 41 pmol/gDW로 80 %가 각각 감소되었다. 전 ABA에 대한 free 능의 비율은 종자에서는 계속 감소하였으나 내과피에서는 종자보다 높은 채로 거의 변화가 없었다. ABA 함량 감소와 미숙배생장과의 상관에서는 종자에서 유의성(r=-0.9737)이 크게 나타났다. 3. 개갑후 종자의 ABA함량은 4$^{\circ}C$와 15$^{\circ}C$에서 모두 점차 감소되었는데 처리 90 일후에 4$^{\circ}C$에서는 28 pmol/gDW로 69%가, 15$^{\circ}C$에서는 46pmo1/gDW로 49%가 각각 감소되었다. 전 ABA에 대한 free 능의 비율은 4$^{\circ}C$에서는 점차 증가되었으나 15$^{\circ}C$에서는 거의 변화가 없었다. ABA 함량 감소와 발아시에서는 거의 변화가 없었다. ABA함량 감소와 발아시와의 상관에서는 4$^{\circ}C$에서만 유의성(r=0.9852)이 있었으며 ABA 함량 감소와 1일 평균 발아율과의 상관에서는 4 $^{\circ}C$에서 부상관(r=-8548), 15$^{\circ}C$에서는 정상관 (r =0.9737)이 있었다. 4. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 개갑과정에서의 ABA의 함랸변화는 미숙배의 생장과 밀접한 관계가 있으며 개갑후 저온처리 과정에서의 발아능력(생리적휴면타파정도)은 ABA의 함량감소와는 직접적인 관계가 없는 것 같다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 2000

옻나무 묘목대량증식법의 하나로 조직배양 방법을 이용하여 기내 유식물체를 다량으로 증식함으로써 옻나무 증식의 효율성을 높이기 위하여 기내 무균묘를 얻고자 실시하였다. 비중 1.0으로 선종한 결과 1차선종은 평균 50.7%의 선종율을 보였고, 98% sulfuric acid에 2시간 교반 후 2차로 선종한 결과 선종율은 20.8%였다. 발근율은 외종피를 함유한 종자(5.4%) 보다는 외종피를 제거하거나(18.3%) 내종피를 제거한 종자(32.4%)가 높았다. 전처리에 따른 종자의 발아율은 생장조절물질 처리에 의한 효과가 인정되지 않았으며, 각 처리별 유의수준도 인정되지 않았으나 sulfuric acid를 처리했을 경우 발아율이 3%로써 생장조절물질 처리보다는 약간 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 외종피를 제거하면 발아율은 약간 높게 나타났는데, 생장조절물질을 첨가함으로써 약 4%정도 향상되었다. 특히 BA 1.0mg/L와 NAA 0.05mg/L의 혼용처리와 BA 1.0mg/L 단독처리가 10% 내외의 발아율을 보였다. 옻나무 종자는 배지에 치상한 후 약 10일 만에 정상적으로 발아하였고, 치상 후 약 3주만에 본엽이 출현한 정상적인 무균묘를 획득할 수 있었으나 발아율이 10%내외에 불과하여 매우 저조하였다.