• Toxicological Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 2015

Lithospermum erythrorhizon has long been used in traditional Asian medicine for the treatment of diseases, including skin cancer. The oral toxicity of a hexane extract of Lithospermum erythrorhizon root (LEH) was investigated in Beagle dogs by using single escalating doses, two-week dose range-finding, and 4-week oral repeat dosing. In the single dose-escalating oral toxicity study, no animal died, showed adverse clinical signs, or changes in body weight gain at LEH doses of up to 2,000 mg/kg. In a 2 week dose range-finding study, no treatment-related adverse effects were detected by urinalysis, hematology, blood biochemistry, organ weights, or gross and histopathological examinations at doses of up to 500 mg LEH/kg/day. In the 4 week repeat-dose toxicity study, a weight loss or decreased weight gain was observed at 300 mg/kg/day. Although levels of serum triglyceride and total bilirubin were increased in a dose dependent manner, there were no related morphological changes. Based on these findings, the sub-acute no observable adverse effect level for 4-week oral administration of LEH in Beagles was 100 mg/kg/day.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.111-116
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• 2001

To investigate an effect of aging on the xylene metabolism in liver damaged animals, a study was conducted. 50% carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) in olive oil (0.1 ml/100 g body weight) was intraperitoneally given to 5-week and 12-week rats 12 times every other day and then one dose of 50% xylene in olive oil (0.25 ml/100 g body weight) was intraperitoneally given to the rats, and after 24 hr, the animals were sacrificed. On the basis of the functional findings in rat liver, ie, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase activity, liver protein and malonedialdehyde contents, 5-week rats showed less liver damage than 12-week rats. The increasing rate of urinary methylhippuric acid concentration to the control was significantly higher in 5-week rats than 12-week rats in case of xylene treatment after induction of liver damage. On the other hand, liver damaged 5-week rats showed significant rise of hepatic cytochrome P45O content compared with the liver damaged 12-week rats by the xylene treatment. And increasing rate of hepatic alcohol or aldehyde dehydrogenase activities to each liver damaged animals was higher tendency in 5-week rats than 12-week rats by the xylene treatment. In conclusion, 5-week rat showed greater metabolic rate of xylene than 10-week rats in case of liver injury because 5-week rats led to a slight liver damaged compared with 12-week rats.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: This study aims to measure the in vitro antioxidant capacity of Korean diet (KD) with American diet (AD) as a control group and to examine the ex vivo DNA damage reduction effect on human lymphocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS: The KD applied in this study is the standard one-week meals for Koreans (2,000 kcal/day) suggested by 2010 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. The AD, which is the control group, is a one-week menu (2,000 kcal/day) that consists of foods that Americans would commonly take in according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The antioxidant capacity of each menu was measured by means of the total phenolic assay and 3 in vitro antioxidant activity assays (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), Oxygen radical absorbance capacity ($ORAC_{ROO{\cdot}}$)), while the extent of ex vivo lymphocyte DNA damage was measured by means of the comet assay. RESULTS: When measured by means of TEAC assay, the in vitro antioxidant capacity of the KD of the day was higher than that of the AD (P < 0.05) while there was no significant difference in total phenolic contents and DPPH and ORAC assays. The ex vivo lymphocyte DNA damage protective effect of the KD was significantly higher than that of the AD (P < 0.01). As for the one-week menu combining the menus for 7 days, the total phenolic assay (P < 0.05) and in vitro antioxidant capacity (P < 0.001, DPPH; P < 0.01, TEAC) of the KD menu were significantly higher than those of the AD menu. Likewise, the ex vivo DNA damage reduction rate of the Korean seven-day menu was significantly higher than that of the American menu (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the high antioxidant capacity and DNA damage protective effect of KD, which consists generally of various plant foods, are higher than those of typical AD.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.201-234
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• 2003

This paper examines the day of the week effect focusing on the effect of the settlement procedures on the stock price in seven major international stock markets. Settlement dates or procedures may have an effect on rate of return distributions in international stock markets. Those Settlement procedures are different among various international stock markets. Furthermore, several international stock markets change their systems of settlement procedures. On the New York stock exchanges, stock transactions are settled in five business days after the transaction. However, they changed settlement procedures from five business days to three business days from 1995. Those settlement procedures on the London stock exchanges and the Paris stock exchanges were changes from the fixed settlement date systems to the fixed settlement lag systems. Thus, this paper examines the effect of the changes in settlement procedures on the stock price in several stock markets. I found that changes of settlement dates or procedures have an effect on the rate of return distributions for specific days in some stock markets. This paper also examines the day of the week effect for seven international stock markets. I found that strong weekend effect before the period of 1990. However, the weekend effect has disappeared during the period from 1990 to 2002 in international stock markets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.35-49
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• 2014

In cases of fashion businesses operating by consignment, base estimate on quantity of sales is the most essential part of merchandising. This study classified factors influential to sales into factors with systematic influence and factors with unsystematic influence. In order to find out influence of each factor on sales, non-linear regression was used with SPSS package on the basis of actual data on sales for 5 years for sport shoes brand. Major findings of this study are as follows. First, price level had significant negative(-) influence on sales. Second, price expectation effects had significant negative(-) influence on sales. Third, competitor's price effect showed significant negative(-) value. Fourth, day-of-the-week effect showed significant positive(+) effect. The theoretical marketing implications of this study are as follows. First, study on price leads to expansion of the researches from apparels to sport shoes. Field of study on price was enlarged through expansion of variable of study from price level and price expectation effect to promotion, day-of-the-week effect and rainfall effect. Second, quantitative scale of day-of-the-week effect was found and it could be confirmed that there was seasonal differences with day-of-the-week effect. Implications of above findings on marketing managers are as follows. First, it was found that an increase in competitiveness of brand power and a decline in absolute value of competitor's price effect can be realized when new product groups are developed to meet the unsatisfied needs in the market. Second, it was possible to find out the parameters scales of the price response function, making it possible to estimate sales for the next season, and in turn realize increase in rate of sales and profit rate. This research is based on the dynamic price response function, which is rare to find in the apparel business and it academic significance due to its expanding response model which was focused on price in conventional researches to non-systematic variables.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.190-205
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate the repeated dose toxicity of DA-125, a new anthracycline antitumor antibiotic, in rats. Before the 13-week main study, a 4-week dose-range finding (DRF) study was carried out. The administration of DA-125 intravenously at dosage levels of 0, 0.125, 0.5, 2.0, and 8.0 mg/kg/day to rats for 4 weeks resulted in premature deaths of all animals in the 8.0 mg/kg/day group and in the deaths of 4 males and 4 females at 2.0 mg/kg/day. Body weights were markedly reduced in the 8.0 mg/kg/day group and showed dose-related decreases in all treatment groups when compared with the control group. Reductions in weight gain were slight and not significantly different at 0.125 mg/kg/day but animals receiving 0.5 mg/kg/day showed more marked decreases in gain in a clear dose-related manner Based On the results of the above DRF study, a 13-week repeated dose intravenous toxicity study in rats with DA-125 was performed at a dose level of 0, 0.012, 0.08 and 0.3 mg/kg/day. No treatment related effects were noted in behavior or body weight in all treatment groups. One male at the highest dose level died on study day 26, but the death could not be related to test article toxicity. Swelling and scabbing of the ears was present in all of the groups, including the control group. There were no treatment related changes in the hematological, biochemical or urinalysis values in all treatment groups. Thymus weights were significantly reduced ill males receiving 0.3 mg/kg/day and they were sligltly, and not significantly, reduced in females of the same group. While there were no associated histological changes. Treatment related necrosis was found in the tail vein (injection site) at 0.08 and 0.3 mg/kg/day. On the basis of these results, the no observed effect level (NOEL) was 0.012 mg/kg/day and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was estimated to be more than 0.3 mg/kg/day under the conditions tested.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2003

This study was conducted under the condition of greenhouse to investigate the relationships between the period of long day (LD) treatment before short day treatment, the dry matter production and flower quality of cut chrysanthemum (Indicum group) cv. Reagan Improved at Wagenigen University in the Netherlands. Rooted cuttings of chrysanthemum (Indicum group) cv. Reagan Improved were transplanted on 6th, 13th, loth of September and all of them were treated with short-days (SD) on 21th September. The periods from planting until final harvest were 70, 77, 84 days after being planted for 1, 2, and 3 week-LD period, respectively. The time of flower initiation was similar in all treatments. The number of flowers per plant was greater in the plot of 3 week-LD period than that in the plot of 1 or 2 week-LD period. The fresh weight and dry weight of flowers also increased more in the plot of 3 week-LD period than that in the 1 week-LD period by 4g and 0.4g, respectively. The final dry matter production ($g{\cdot}m$^{-2}$ ) was greater in the treatment of 3 week-LD period than 1 or 2week-LD period. In this study, LD period before short day treatment did not affect the time of flower initiation and flower quality. As a result, 3 week-LD period before short day treatment was strongly recommanded for producing high quality cut flowers of greenhouse-grown chrysanthemum.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.351-364
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• 2023

The experiment was carried out to study the effect of Korean wild ginseng adventitious root supplementation on the laying performance, egg quality, cytokine expression, ginsenoside concentration, and microflora quantity of Institut de selection Animale (ISA) brown laying hens at 24 weeks old. A total of 90 laying hens were subjected to a completely randomized design at three treatments, five repetitions and six laying hens per replicate. The experiments were divided by diets into the basic feed (CON), basic feed + 0.1% wild ginseng (WG1), and basic feed + 0.5% wild ginseng (WG2). The feeding trial was carried out over a duration of 12 weeks after an initial acclimation period of 2 weeks. Feeds and water were administered ad libitum in mash form, and light was available for 16 hours per day. At the end of study, henday egg production (HDEP), average egg weight (AEW), and egg mass (EM) were increased (p <0.05) in WG2 at week 12. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was decreased (p < 0.05) in WG2 at week 12. The ginsenoside content in egg yolk was increased (p <0.05) in laying hens in the WG2 treatment at week 12. Relative expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was reduced (p < 0.05) in the WG supplemented diets at week 12. The fecal microflora quantity of Lactobacillus was increased (p < 0.05) in WG2 at week 8 to week 12, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the WG2 at week 12. We concluded that the result observed in the HDEP, AEW, EM and FCR was due to an increase in ginsenoside content, leading to an improvement in the TNF-α, and fecal microflora quantity such as Lactobacillus and E. coli in the WG2 supplemented diets. We therefore recommend the use of WG at application level 0.5% per basal diet for optimum laying performance in layer hens.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to determine the overflow effect and cross training effect of isometric quadriceps training that performed in specific angle of unilateral let. Ten healthy students with an average age of 24 years$(24.1\pm1.3)$, were participated in this study. Then 5 subjects in each group were chosen at random to train using only right quadriceps muscle two time per day(group 2), five times a week and the other 5 subjects(group 1) were chosen to train one times per day, five times a week for 2 weeks at only 50 degrees (contract 6 seconds, rest 10 seconds, 3 sets). Before and after the training, isometric quadriceps muscle testing of the both leg was Performed at three different angles, 60, 50 and 40 degrees respectively by BHN-COM (isokinetic dynamometer) in sitting position. The data was analyzed with paired t-test to determine significant difference between before and after training. In this study, we have found that the isometric quadriceps muscle training on specific angle of right side produced overflow effect In healthy subjects. However, increasing the peak torque of specific angle(training angle) of trained limb did not have an effect on increasing the peak torque of contralateral limb. These results demonstrate that the cross training effect did nut found in this study but a alight increase of peak torque of the untrained limb would recognized the possibility of cross training effect.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.217-226
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• 1998

SDK (skin decontamination kit) is new skin decontaminant which is developed by ADD (Agency for defence development). In this study, four-week toxicity of SDK was investigated using beagle dogs and Sprague-Dawley rats. The beagle dogs and Sprague-Dawley rats were dressed topically seven days per week for 28 days, with dosage of 0, 0.25, 0.8 and 1 g/kg/day. respectively. Animals treated with SDK did not cause any death and show any clinical signs. They did not show any significant changes of body weight, feed uptake and water consumption. They were not significantly different from the control group in urinalysis, ocular examination and histopathological examination. In hematological and serum biochemical assay, there were no-dose-defendent changes. Therefore, SDK was not indicated to have any toxic effect in the beagle dogs and Sprague-Dawley rats when it was dressed topically below the dosage 1 g/kg/day for four weeks.