• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.321-326
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to test the applicability of neural network models to forecast water quality at Naesa and Pyongchang river. Water quality data devided into rainy day and non-rainy day to find characteristics of them. The mean and maximum data of rainy day show higher than those of non-rainy day. And discharge correlate with TOC at Pyongchang river. Neural network model is trained to the correlation of discharge with water quality. As a result, it is convinced that the proposed neural network model can apply to the analysis of real time water quality monitoring.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.161-168
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• 2002

This study was carried out for reading the change of local meteorological environment according to dam construction of Nakdong-river using meteorological data analysis, and modeling. The meteorological data analysised are mean temperature, foggy day, precipittion day and sunshine time. As tile result of analyzing meteorological data of before and after the construction of dam in Andong and Hapchon, some discrepancy were observed by month because the lakes have different effect on the region as wind field. The common phenomenons that are revealed after dam construction are increase of foggy day and decrease of sunshine time.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.144-148
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate sewage treatment efficiencies using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and watercress (Oenanthe Javanica). In the hyacinth system about 30% of COD introduced was removed during 2 days of hydraulic retention time, and about 30$\sim$50% of COD was removed in the watercress system during 1.2$\sim$2 days of hydraulic retention time. Therefore, COD loading of $76\sim170$ kg $COD/ha{\cdot}day$ was removed during 2$\sim$3 days of hydraulic retention time at the 0.18 $m^2$ area in the water hyacinth-watercress continuous system. Also 40$\sim$50% of N and P in the sewage were removed in the tested water hyacinth-watercress system Although COD, N and P concentrations in the final effluent were still higher than the limits of waste discharge, applicability of this waste water treatment system should be further investigated as an alternative method far small scale sewage treatments.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.141-151
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• 2002

In order to know the depletive changes of sulfadimethoxine and oxytetracycline residues in se겨m of dairy cattle intramusculally administered with sulfadimethoxine sodium(SDS) and oxytetracycline(OTC), the concentration of sulfadimethoxine and oxyteracycline was measured in serum of dairy cattle with using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). SDS and OTC was intramuscularlly administrated to dairy cattle at the rate of 10mg/kg(SDS) and 10mg/kg(OTC) body weight(recommended therapeutic dose) once to four dairy cattle. There were investigated the depletive changes of the sulfadimethoxine and oxytetracycline in serum of dairy cattle at the time 2, 4, 8 hours, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th day after administration SMS and OTC, respectively. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. After intramuscularlly administration of the SMS, the mean concentrations of sulfamethazine in serum according to the time lapsed were showed 33.964 $\pm$ 4.435ppm at the 4 hours after withdrawal of medicated sulfadimethoxine sodium. And gradually according to the time lapsed, the concentrations of sulfadimethoxine residues in serum were significantly (p<.05) decreased 6.596 $\pm$ 3.402 ppm at 1st day, 0.217 $\pm$ 0.119 ppm at 3rd day and 0.057 $\pm$ 0.032 ppm at 4th day, respectively. 2. The mean residual concentration of OTC in serum according to the time lapsed after intramuscularly administration OTC were showed 0.743 $\pm$ 0.368ppm at the 8 hours. And gradually according to the time lapsed, the mean concentrations of OTC residues in serum of dairy cattle were significantly(p<.05) decreased such as 0.057 $\pm$ 0.047ppm at 3rd day and 0.039 $\pm$ 0.016ppm at the 5th day, respectively. In conclusion, this study could be suggested the relationship between administrated period, sulfonamides and tetracycline residual aspects in serum, and the importance of observing ceasing period of antibiotic drugs before forwarding livestocks to slaughter, Thus, this results would be able to be used the basic index for prevention of sulfonamides and tetracycline residues in dairy breedings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.256-266
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine conditions of dining behaviors, sleep patterns, rates of obesity and intake of snacks and self-purchased snacks deriving from the lack of sleep in academic high school students. The anthropometric characteristics, height and weight (p<0.05), and the distribution of obesity index (p<0.001) showed significant differences between males and females. Dining scores for both male and female students decreased as the frequency of day time napping increased. Although, there was no significant difference in obesity-related "lack of sleep" between males and females, the rate of "being overweight" was slightly higher in female students who indicated that they experienced a "lack of sleep" than female students that indicated "no lack of sleep". While, whether intake of snacks and self-purchased snacks or not, day time napping frequency affected not to male students. However, the frequency of day time napping among females who ate snacks one or more times a day was higher (p<0.05), and a greater frequency of eating self-purchased snacks correlated with a greater frequency of day napping (p<0.01). Consequently, lack of sleep was identified as one of the factors increasing the frequency of intake of snacks and self-purchased snacks in females. Thus, this study suggests that dining behavior guidance should be given along with systematic and continual nutrition education so that the intake of snacks and self-purchased snacks can be moderated to optimize the physical and mental growth and development of adolescents.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between physical activity and sleep patterns of the elderly. Methods: The subjects of this study were 154 elderly who visited a community senior center in Korea. Data was collected by an interview and a self reported questionnaire, during the period from June to October, 2006. Physical activity was measured by IPAQ Korean version(2006), and sleep pattern by Korean Sleep Scale A developed by Oh et al.(1998). Results: The prevalence of chronic illness in the subjects was 73.4 %. The mean time of vigorous activity was $6.62{\pm}31.27$ minutes/day during the past week. Moderate activity time was $28.85{\pm}50.31$ minutes/day and walking time was $28.85{\pm}50.3$ minutes/day. The total sleep time was $397.63{\pm}111.53$ minutes/day. Physical activity of the elderly significantly correlated with sex, chronic illness, job, and sleep patterns of the elderly. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of sleep pattern was the satisfaction of sleep. A combination of the number of chronic illnesses, moderate physical activities(MET), and total time of sleep accounted for 44.4% of the sleep pattern. Conclusions: Moderate physical activity is more effective than vigorous physical activity for improving the sleep quality of the elderly.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.225-230
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• 2010

The purpose of the study was to apply and to expand the six sigma to reduce waiting times for computed tomography (CT) examination which manipulated by the department of radiology. It was preceded by DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control). In the stage of definition, it wereselected for total 5 critical to quality (CTQ), which were the kindness, the waiting time, the examination explanation, the waiting day and the waiting stand environment, that increased the reserved time of CT examination. In the stage of measurement, the number of examinations and of reservation waiting days performed and resulted in final CTQ(Y) which measured each 1.68 and 1.85 sigma. In the stage of analysis, the examination concentrated on morning time, non-scheduled examination of the day, the delayed time of booking, frequent telephone contacting and equipment malfunction were determined as variable key causes. In the stage of improvement, it were performed with expansion of the examination in the morning time, integration of laboratories that used to in each steps, developing the ability of simultaneous booking schedule for the multiple examinations, developing program of examination request, and the customer management team operations. For the control, the number of examinations and reserved waiting days were measured each 3.14 and 1.13 sigma.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2002

The purposes of this study were to explore amount of time use for house work, leisure and extracurricular lesson used by adolescents and to explain its influencing factors. Tobit model was used to analyze the factors of time use because amount of time use was a limited continuous variable. The results of this study were as follows: 1) Amount of time used for house work per day by adolescents was found to be 36min. for weekdays and 64 min. for holidays. Amount of time used for passive leisure per day by adolescents was found to be 203min. for weekdays and 375 min. for holidays. Amount of time used for active leisure per day by adolescents was found to be 74 min. for weekdays and 194 min. for holidays. Amount of time used for extracurricular lesson per day by adolescents was found to be 96min. for weekdays and 36 min. for holidays. 2) Time use for house work was found to be significantly influenced by education status, education level of mother, job status of mother for weekdays and gender, education level of mother, job status of mother, household income for holidays. Time use for passive leisure was found to be significantly influenced by education status, small children at home for weekdays and gender, education status for holidays. Time use for active leisure was found to be significantly influenced by gender, education status for holidays, while there was no influencing factors for weekdays. Finally, time use for extracurricular lesson was found to be significantly influenced by gender, education status, household income for weekdays, and age, education level of mother for holidays.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1 s.29
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• pp.184-197
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• 1995

After 45 patients examined as to the result of medical treatment among the ones who came to Dept. of Pain Clinic, Oriental Medical Hospital, Chunju Woosuk University complaining low back pain chiefly from Dec/19/1994 to Feb/7/1995 for 50 days or so were observed clinically, the results were obtained as follows: 1. In duration of the case history, acute stage(37.8%) was the most predominant, and subacute stage(35.6%) and chronic stage(26.7%) were revealed in turn. 2. In opinions of radiation, Spondylosis(26.7%) was the most predominant, Scoliosis(15.6%) and HIVD(11.1%) were revealed in order, and 3 cases were revealed to be negative. 3. In the radiating pain of the lower limb, the radiating pains of the left lower limb were the most predominant and those of the right lower limb and those of both lower limbs were revealed in turn. By the way, 31.1% of patients didn't suffer from the radiating pain of the lower limb. 4. In the grade of the seriousness of subsective symptom, Grade 2(66.7%) was the most predominant, and Grade 3, Grade 4, and Grade 1 followed it in order. 5. In the period of the treatments of medi-acupuncture, 2-5 day treatments(31.1%) were major and 6-10 day treatments(26.7%), 16-20 day treatments(11.1%), 26-30 day treatments(11.1%), over 31 day treatments(11.1%), 11-15 day treatments(4.4%), and 21-25 day treatments(4.4%) followed it by turns. Thus 2-10 day treatments are 57.8% and under 30 day treatments are 57.8% of all. 6. In the frequency of use of each medi-acupuncture, V was most frequency used in 41 cases(91.1%), and 11 cases of HN(24.4%), 8 cases of MOK(17.8%), 4 cases of OK(8.9%), 2 cases of B(4.4%), and a case of I(2.2%) were revealed in turn. 7. In the effect of treatments, 10 cases(22.2%) were excellent, 25 cases(55.6%) were good, 5 cases(11.1%) were fair, and 5 cases(11.1%) were poor. As the result, 88.9% of all changed for the better and all of these were improved within the third trial. 8. The effect of the treatments per durations was 100% in acute stage, 93.8% in subacute stage, and 66.7% in chronic stage. According to that, it was reavealed that the rate of treatments decreased as it came near to the chronic stage. 9. The effect of treatments per radiating pains was 87.5% in the radiating pains of the left lower limb, 81.8% in those of the right lower limb, 100% in those of both lower limbs, and 92.9% in case that patients have no radiating pains. So in the rate of treatments on radiating pains of the lower limbs, the case of both sides or no radiating pains was higher than that of one side. 10. In the effect of treatments per the condition of patients, Grade 4 showed 100% of improvement, Grade 3 showed 90.9% of improvement, Grade 2 showed 86.7% of improvement, and Grade 1 showed 100% of improvement. 11. In the effect of treatments per contents of treatments, the group treated with medi-acupuncture therapy, herb medication therapy, acupuncture therapy, and physiothrapy at the same time(Group 1) showed 100% of improvement, the group treated with medi-acupuncture therapy, acupuncture therapy, and physiotherapy simultaneously(Group 2) showed 73.7% of improvement, and the group treated with medi-acupuncture therapy and acupuncture therapy at the same time(Group 3) showed 100% of improvement. 12. 2-5 day treatments showed 78.6% of improvement, 6-10 day treatments showed 91.7% of improvement, and over 31 day treatments showed 100% of improvement. As the result, genarally the longer the period of treatment was, the better the effect of treatment was. 13. When only V was used, the rate of treatment was 96.2%. When only HN was used, the rate of treatment was 100%. When only MOK was used, the rate of treatment was 100%. When V and HN were used at the same time, the rate of treatment was 33.3%. When V and MOK were used at the same time, the rate of treatment was 100%. When V and OK were used at the same time, the rate of treatment was 100%. When V, HN, and MOK were used at the same time, the rate of treatment was 100%. When V, OK, and MOK were used at the same time, the rate of treatment was 100%. When V, MOK, and B were used at the same time, the rate of treatment was 100%. When V, HN, OK, and I were used at the same time, the rate of treatment was 100%. When V, HN, and B were used at the same time, the rate of treatment was 100%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.3
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• pp.344-355
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• 2012

This study was conducted to analyze on the operational time and productivities of logging operations in whole-tree logging operation system by tower-yarder and swing-yarder, and in cut-to-length logging operation system by excavator with grapple in order to establish the efficient logging operation system and to spread logging operation technique. In the analysis of operational time, in case of whole-tree logging operation system, the felling time was 46.6 sec/cycle by chain saw, the yarding time was 480.6 sec/cycle by tower-yarder, the yarding time was 287.4 sec/cycle by swing-yarder and the bucking time was 155.14 sec/cycle by chain saw. In case of the cut-to-length logging operation system, the felling and bucking time was 225.65 sec/cycle by chain saw, the cut-to-length extraction time was 4,972 sec/cycle by excavator with grapple, the branches and leaves extraction time was 3,143 sec/cycle by excavator with grapple. The forwarding time was 4,688 sec/cycle by wheel type mini-forwarder, the forwarding time was 2,118 sec/cycle by excavator with grapple and small forwarding vehicle. In the analysis of operational productivities, in case of whole-tree logging operation system, the average felling performance was $57.89m^3/day$ by chain saw, the average yarding performance was $20.3m^3/day$ by tower-yarder, $31.55m^3/day$ by swing-yarder respectively, the average bucking performance was $20.3m^3/day$ by chain saw. In case of the cut-to-length logging operation system, the average felling and bucking performance was $11.96m^3/day$ by chain saw, the average cut-to-length extraction performance was $34.75m^3/day$ by excavator with grapple, the average branches and leaves extraction performance was $37.66m^3/day$ by excavator with grapple, the average length of operation road construction was 73.8 m/day by excavator with grapple. The average forwarding performance by wheel type mini-forwarder and the average forwarding performance by excavator with grapple and small forwarding vehicle was $15.73m^3/day$ and $65.03m^3/day$, respectively.