• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.61-75
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• 2014

Five on-road measurements were made using a mobile laboratory (ML) to characterize spatial and temporal air pollutant distributions over roads around a day-care center in urban area on 30 August 2013. Fixed monitoring was also done near the day-care center using the ML during the periods between on-road measurements. On-road air pollution monitoring route was classified into seven sections and three zones to identify severe polluted roads among many roads having different traffic volumes and directions. Typical pollutants emitted from vehicles such as $NO_x$, black carbon, particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and submicron particles including nanoparticles were monitored using real-time instruments. Peak concentration episodes were frequently observed during the on-road measurements and most peaks were simultaneously monitored at four pollutants. Colored on-road air pollution map for each pollutant provides an insight on spatial air pollution distribution, showing heavily polluted roads and sections. Average on-road $NO_x$ concentration of each run was similar to that monitored at the nearest roadside air monitoring station.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.609-627
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to explore service satisfaction of the elderly using dementia day care center and the meaning of day care experience. The subjects for this methodological triangulation study were 67 dementia elderly for 1:1 interview and 15 dementia elderly for focus group interview. All subjects were using dementia day care center. The mean age was $79.95{\pm}5.90$ for quantitative study and $80.07{\pm}5.78$ for qualitative study subjects. The mean scores of service satisfaction were ranged from $2.86{\pm}0.41$ to $2.96{\pm}0.30$. The lowest score domain was 'help and assistance', and the highest score domain was 'food and environment'. In 14 questions, satisfaction score was 3 point. According to content analysis, the experiences of dementia day care center were described with 20 themes such as 'mutual respect and understanding', 'pleasure and upset feelings about participation', etc. and 35 sub-themes. The overall satisfaction scores were high and in most cases the positive experiences with dementia day care service were described. Therefore it is recommended for mild dementia elderly to use dementia day care service and to be expanded.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.129-145
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• 2004

This research aimed to analyze the quality of center-based infant/toddler programs in Korea. Scale for infant and toddler programs divide accreditation standards into 4 areas(physical environment, curriculum, health care, management system) with 60 standards. Standards can be divided into basic criteria and general criteria. The subjects are 149 day care centers(44 infant day care centers and 105 day care centers), and raters(teachers or principal) assessed the quality of each item on a 5-point Likert scale. The results of this study are as follows: 1) Self-evaluation result have marked 3.67 as average(range : 2.32~4.90), which barely meets basic criteria level. 2) Physical environment area has received worst score(3.41) and Health care area has received best score(3.92). 3) Each standard's score indicate the quality of infant/toddler care program: Feed care(4.29), Affectionate teacher-infant interaction(4.14) were highly rated while Nature environment/anmal/plant(2.75) and Teacher's facilities(2.74) were rated low. 4) Some variation factors showed differences in the qualitative level; number of child, education level of principal.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2006

Purpose: To investigate the health problems and health services in child day care centers. Methods: Data were collected from 115 teachers at 16 child day care centers in Seoul city. A questionnaire was used to collect data, which were analyzed with the SPSS 12.0 program. Results: Most teachers had experienced various child health problems such as colds, hand․foot․mouth diseases, chicken pox, skin injuries, nasal bleeding, vomiting and diarrhea. Furthermore, they even experienced some serious ones including dysentery, measles, asthma and seizures, which demand professional skill. However, there were no registered nurses and most teachers requested that parents take a child home when these health problems happened. Only 31.3% of the child care centers had a teacher with CPR training. Approximately half of the centers kept child health records which included reports on allergic substances, and medical history but only 18.7% of the child care centers offered regular immunizations for the children. Conclusion: Various health problems were found in child day care centers. To maintain the children's health, there is a need to develop and make provisions for health services and programs in child day care centers.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.23-35
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to evaluate child - care effects on young child's aggression in ecological context. For this, main effects, interaction effects and cumulative effects between child care experiences(quantity, quality, age of entry and stability) and maternal behavior as well as characteristics of child(sex, age and temperament) were examined. A total of 62 young children(34 boys and 28 girls) enrolled in child - care center were observed, and mothers and caregivers completed questionnaires. Data was analysed by three - way ANOVA, logistic regression and crosstabs. As result, first, main effects of quantity, rejective and regulative mothering on children's aggression were found. Second, there were significant interaction effects between both quality and quantity of day-care and rejective mothering. In particular, the interaction effects provided evidence that high - quality child - care served a compensatory function for extensive care and rejective mothering. Third, logistic regression analysis revealed risk factors for child's aggression and the effects of these risk factors were cumulative. Interaction effects of day-care quality and cumulative effects of day-care, characteristics of child and maternal behavior on child aggression were discussed.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.309-322
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate actual environment and operation of outdoor play at day care centers in Jeju area and differences in recognition of outdoor play among teachers and provide basic data to develop an outdoor play program for infants. For this purpose, data were collected from 207 teachers form about 100 day care centers in Jeju area. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: first, there were statistically significant differences in the actual environment of outdoor play mostly by the types of establishment and national, public, or corporate centers had better environment than private ones did. Second, the majority of day care centers in Jeju area were including and operating outdoor play in a daily schedule. Third, there were no significant differences in recognition of outdoor play among teachers.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.687-697
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the antecedents of teachers' science teaching efficacy in day-care setting. Also, this study aimed to identify relationships between day-care teachers' personal science teaching efficacy and their perspectives on early childhood science education. The subjects were 176 day-care teachers in rural area of ChoongCheongNam-Do. The survey method was used to collect data from the day-care teacher. The instrument were Rigg & Enochs(1990)'s Science Teaching Efficacy Belief and Kim(l998)'s scales for the Goa1s in Early Childhood Science Education. Main results were as follows: 1. Day-care teachers' personal science teaching efficacy were significantly related with the personal variables such as teachers' education, in-service science workshops, science book reading, science-related hobby but not with teachers' age, pre-service science credits and total years of teaching experience. 2. Among the environmental variables, science activity areas were significantly associated with day-care teachers' personal science teaching efficacy. However, location of day-care center, age of children, number of children, teacher-child ratio, facilities for science education and scheduled time for science education did not affect it. 3. Day-care teachers of high content- and process-oriented goals in early childhood science education were highly efficacious teacher, while the teachers of low content- and process-oriented perspectives gained the lowest score. However, the content-oriented teachers and the process-oriented teachers did not differ in terms of day-care teachers' personal science teaching efficacy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.712-721
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of heating and after-heating processed foods for implementation of a HACCP system in day-care center foodservice operations. The evaluating points were microbial assessment and temperature of foods during receiving, cooking, and serving in heating process. In non-heating process, in addition to monitoring microbial assessment of food during preparation, cooking, and serving steps, the microbial populations of employees' hands and utensils and serving temperature were also evaluated. Microbiological quality was assessed using 3M Petrifilm$^{TM}$ to measure total plate count and coliforms for foods and utensils and Staphylococcus aureus for hands in five Gumi day-care centers. Microbiological quality assessment for foods and utensils is summarized as follows. Microbiological quality of the heating processed foods was satisfactory for cooking and serving steps. The internal temperature of food was above 74$^{\circ}C$. However, temperature control before the serving step was not achieved due to inappropriate time management between the cooking and serving steps. In the after-heating process, the total plate counts of boiled mungbean sprouts salad, blanched spinach salad, com vegetable salad were below the standard at the serving step. The majority of samples showed that coliforms exceeded the norm, which is thought to be the result of the cross-contamination from utensils. These results suggest that it is essential to educate employees on the importance of hand washing and of avoiding cross-contamination by using clean, sanitized equipment to serve food in the after-heating process. Establishing Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOPs) is an essential part of any HACCP system in day-care center foodservice operations.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.240-248
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• 2015

Background: Recovery from fatigue is important in maintaining night workers' health. This study compared the course of self-reported recovery after 2-week 12-hour schedules consisting of either night shifts or swing shifts (i.e., 7 night shifts followed by 7 day shifts) to such schedules consisting of only day work. Methods: Sixty-one male offshore employees-20 night workers, 16 swing shift workers, and 25 day workers-rated six questions on fatigue (sleep quality, feeling rested, physical and mental fatigue, and energy levels; scale 1-11) for 14 days after an offshore tour. After the two night-work schedules, differences on the $1^{st}$ day (main effects) and differences during the follow-up (interaction effects) were compared to day work with generalized estimating equations analysis. Results: After adjustment for confounders, significant main effects were found for sleep quality for night workers (1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.89) and swing shift workers (1.42, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.94) when compared to day workers; their interaction terms were not statistically significant. For the remaining fatigue outcomes, no statistically significant main or interaction effects were found. Conclusion: After 2-week 12-hour night and swing shifts, only the course for sleep quality differed from that of day work. Sleep quality was poorer for night and swing shift workers on the $1^{st}$ day off and remained poorer for the 14-day follow-up. This showed that while working at night had no effect on feeling rested, tiredness, and energy levels, it had a relatively long-lasting effect on sleep quality.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.331-354
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• 2015

This study attempts to reveal the difficulties of teachers during the process of infant's early adaptation in the day care center and realize the thought and demand of teachers. And the purpose of this study is to make a desirable development in infant's early adaptation. The participants of the study were 9 infants all 1 year of age, their 7 parents, and 8 teachers of S public child day care center in P city. The 8 teachers were interviewed several times. The results of the study can be summarized as follows. First, the teachers' difficulties in their relationships with the parents are 1) egotism focusing on only their own child, 2) distrust between the teachers and parents, 3) a lack of understanding in the role as parents at early adaption programs, 4) and a lack of understanding in the management of the day care center. Second, in their relationships with the infants, the teachers'difficulties are 1) the uncontrollable behaviors of infants, 2) the arbitration of struggle between children, 3) and the inequality between enrolled and fresh infants. Third, in their relationships with the teachers, the difficulties are 1) co-work with other teachers 2) and conversation with the director of the day care center. This study is expected to give actual help to understand the difficulties of teachers who experience difficulties in the early infant adaptation process and to provide important preliminary data to plan specific management which assist with the difficulties of teachers.