• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.8-12
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• 2015

There are various limiting factors that take part in the production of daughter plants, but the important thing for mother plants of strawberries is to undergo a sufficient period of dormancy during winter. It is a well known fact that many runners and daughter plants are generated from mother plants that have been through sufficient cold treatment, but such researches were not found in Korea. This experiment was conducted due to the recent need for a research on the effects of cold treatment using 'Seolhyang,' 'Maehyang' and 'Ssanta' cultivars bred in Korea for two years in 2012 and 2013. The strawberries were divided into 4 types treatments: cold treatment plants in which 1,000 hours have passed in the temperature of $5^{\circ}C$ and below; cold+heated treatment plants in which 1,000 hours have passed in the temperature of $5^{\circ}C$ and below, and then 2 weeks in the greenhouse; greenhouse treatment plants raised in the greenhouse; and plants in harvest treatment. The results of the 2012 experiment showed that 'Seolhyang' had the bigger number of daughter plants in the cold, cold+heated, and harvest than greenhouse. 'Maehyang' had the biggest number of daughter plants in the cold+heated, and lowest in the greenhouse and harvest. 'Ssanta' had no significant difference in all treatments. The results of the 2013 experiment showed that 'Seolhyang' and 'Maehyang' both had more daughter plants in cold and cold+heated than in the greenhouse and harvest. 'Ssanta' tended to show a similar result and cold+heated had statistically more daughter plants than greenhouse.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the optimum electrical conductivity (EC) levels of nutrient solution for growth of mother plants and increasing occurrence of daughter plants of strawberry ($Fragaria{\times}ananassa$ Duch. cv. Maehyang) using hydroponics. The mother plants of strawberry were transplanted in cultivation pot ($61{\times}27{\times}18cm$) filled with coir medium on March 22, 2017. Nutrient solution was supplied by the drip tape at $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ of EC levels for rooting during 11 days. After rooting, the mother plants of strawberry was treated at the EC levels of 0.6, 1.2 or $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, respectively. Growth characteristics, such as mother plants and daughter plants of strawberry were measured at 100 days after transplanting. The plant height of mother plant was significantly higher at $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ treatment, and the crown diameter of mother plant was significantly greater at $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ treatment. The fresh and dry weights of shoot were higher at both 0.6 and, $1.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ treatments. The number of runners was not significantly different in all treatments. The fresh and dry weights of runner were heavier at $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ than other treatments. The number of daughter plants was the highest, 16.7 at the $1.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ treatment. However, the fresh and dry weights of third daughter plant were the heaviest at $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ treatment. Although the daughter plants were a large of production at $1.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ treatment, the low EC levels of strawberry were positive in terms of seedling quality during nursery. These results indicated that growth of mother plant and occurrence of daughter plants were greater at the EC $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ nutrient solution for hydroponic cultivation of 'Maehyang' strawberry during nursery period.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.407-414
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• 2018

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of application method and concentration of gibberellin $A_3$ ($GA_3$) on the growth, runner production, and seedling quality of strawberry plants (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa Duch. cv. Maehyang) during nursery period. The mother plants of strawberry were transplanted in pot ($64{\times}27{\times}18cm$) filled with commercial growing medium on March 20, 2018. $GA_3$ concentration was applied as 0, 50, 100 or $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ with spray or drench to 45 mL per plant at 4 weeks after transplanting, respectively. Nutrient solution was supplied with the EC $1.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ after the transplanting and supplied 350 mL per pot twice a day (15 min per one time) after rooting. The growth characteristics of mother plants of strawberry were measured at 7 weeks after treatment, and growth characteristics of daughter plants of strawberry were measured at 10 weeks after treatment. Runner length and diameter of mother plant was the longest or thickest in the spray with $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ than the other treatments, respectively. Soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) value of mother plant was the lowest in spray with $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. However, leaf length, leaf width, and crown diameter showed no significant differences in all treatment among application method and concentration of $GA_3$. As the concentration of $GA_3$ increased, physiological disorder like stretchiness of crown occurred more. The physiological disorder was the most occurred in spray treatment with $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, but drench treatment occurred less than spray treatment. The number of runners and daughter plants increased with increasing concentration of $GA_3$ regardless of application methods. In the growth characteristics of the daughter plants, leaf length and leaf width of first daughter plant, plant height, crown diameter, leaf area and SPAD value of second daughter plant, and plant height of third daughter plant were the significantly greatest in drench with $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment. This results indicate that growth and runner production of mother plants and growth of daughter plants of strawberry were the best achieved by drench application in the $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $GA_3$.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2014

The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of bicarbonate ($HCO_3{^-}$) concentrations in nutrient solution on the growth and physiological disorders in mother plants and occurrence of daughter plants in propagation of 'Seolhyang' strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa Duch.). To achieve this, the mother plants were transplanted to coir dust + perlite (7:3, v/v) medium and Hoagland solution was modified to contain 60, 90 (control), 120, 180, and $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of $HCO_3{^-}$. The symptoms of Fe, Zn and B deficiencies appeared on the mother plants in the $HCO_3{^-}$ of $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ from the 60th day after treatment. The symptoms spread to all plants in the $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $HCO_3{^-}$ including daughter plants at 90 days after treatment. The$HCO_3{^-}$ concentrations higher than $120mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ suppressed the growth of mother plants such as leaf number, chlorophyll content, fresh weight and other growth parameters. While the mother plants in $60mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $HCO_3{^-}$ produced 23 daughter plants, while mother plants in $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $HCO_3{^-}$ produced 13 daughter plants. The final pH 126 days after treatment in the $HCO_3{^-}$ of 60, 90, 120, 180 and $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ were 5.4, 5.8, 7.3, 7.9, and 8.3, respectively. The elevation of $HCO_3{^-}$ concentrations in nutrient solution resulted in the decrease of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu contents of above ground tissue 126 days after treatment. These results indicate that the $HCO_3{^-}$ concentrations higher than $120mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ inhibited the growth of mother plants and occurrence of daughter plants in vegetative propagation of 'Seolhyang' strawberry.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.191-197
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• 2010

The objective of this research was to determine the influence of the physical and chemical properties of root substrates used during the production of 'Maehyang' strawberry propaguleson the growth of the mother plants and the rate of daughter plant formation. Plants were cultured in plastic bags containing six different formulations of root substrates composed of: a) 50% coir dust and 50% perlite (5:5 by volume, A), b) 60% coir dust and 40% perlite (6:4, B), c) 70% coir dust and 30% perlite (7:3, C), d) 70% coir dust and 30% coconut chip (7:3 D), e) 60% coir dust and 40% coconut chip (60:40, E), or f) 50% sphagnum peat and 50% vermiculite (50:50, F). All media formulations contained a moderate level of base fertilizers. Physical and chemical properties of each formulation were determined before plant establishment and after 120 days of stock plant culture and runner production. Total porosity (TP) and container capacity (CC) of all substrate formulations were higher than 85% and 55%, respectively, allowing a suitable range of air and water holding characteristics. Formulation F provided the highest TP and CC values among the all substrate modifications evaluated. Substrate formulations A, B, C and F had higher electrical conductivity (EC) and $NO_3{^-}$-N concentrations than formulations D and E, when determined before and after plant culture. Formulations A, B, C, and F, having higher EC readings, also performed better as root substrates thanthe formulations D and E in increasing fresh and dry weights of the runners as well as the production of daughter plants per plant. The 'Maehyang' strawberry plants grown in the formulation F had the highest tissue N content, followed by those grown in substrate B, A, C, or D for 120 days after transplanting. Formulation F also facilitated accumulation of higher tissue phosphorus (P) and copper (Cu) contents compared to other treatments. Results of this experiment suggest that the chemical properties, rather than physical properties, of root substrates had a major influence on the growth of mother plants and the occurrence of healthy daughter plants during the bag-culture phase of propagation.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2015

This research was conducted to investigate the changes in moisture retention capacities of expanded rice-hull (ERH)-based root media and their influences on the growth of mother and daughter plants in vegetative propagation of 'Seolhyang' strawberry. The proportion of water at the container capacity of ERH medium was in the range of 20 to 23%. This range was lower than the 60 to 66% of strawberry-specialized medium, the 30 to 34% of soil mother material (SMM) and the 30 to 35% of loamy sand. The moisture content of ERH was reduced to 10 to 12% at 8 hours after irrigation, and there were large variations among replications of ERH medium. Among four kinds of root media formulated to contain ERH, the medium of ERH + coir dust (CD) (55 + 45%, v/v) had 26.5 and 32.5% water contents at 20 and 40 days after irrigation to daughter plants, respectively. The m edia o f ERH + sandy loam (S L) and E RH + S MM showed similar trends i n moisture r etention. The pH and EC i n the all root media tested were in the range of 6.7 to 7.1 and 0.03 to $0.08dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, respectively. The pHs and ECs measured at 20 and 40 days after irrigation were not significantly different in each root medium. Among the root media formulated to contain ERH, the growth of daughter plants was the highest in the treatment of ERH + SL (55 + 45%, v/v). As the blending rate of coir dust was elevated in the ERH + CD media, moisture retention capacity increased gradually, but the growth of daughter plants became worse even though the medium showed higher moisture retention capacity than other root media tested. The growth of roots and aboveground tissues of daughter plants deteriorated in the root media formulated by blending ERH + perlite (PE) at various ratios. The results of this research suggest the optimum formulations of root media and management of moisture content in raising of strawberry daughter plants when ERH is a component of root media.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2011

The influence of physicochemical properties of root substrates on the growth of mother plants and occurrence of daughter plants in 'Seolhyang' strawberry propagation were investigated through plastic bag cultivation. Six different formulations of root substrates were coir dust + perlite (5:5, A), coir dust + perlite (6:4, B), coir dust + perlite (7:3, C), coir dust + coconut chip (7:3, D), coir dust + coconut chip (6:4, E), and peatmoss + vermiculite (5:5, v/v; F). The total porosities (TP) and container capacities (CC) of all root substrates were higher than 85% and 55%, respectively, indicating that all substrates were in the acceptable range. But the TP and CC of F substrate were 91.5% and 60%, respectively, which were the highest among the root substrates tested. In the soil chemical properties analyzed before planting and after harvesting of 'Seolhyang' strawberry mother plants, the root substrates of A, B, C, and F had higher electrical conductivity and $NO_3$-N concentrations than those of D and F. The root substrates of A, B, C, and F had heavier runner fresh and dry weights, longer runner lengths, and more daughter plant occurrence than those of D and F. The treatment F had higher tissue N content than any other treatments at 120 days after the transplanting of 'Seolhyang' strawberry and statistical differences were not observed among remained 5 substrates. The treatment of F also had the higher tissue contents of other nutrients except N analyzed at 120 days after transplanting. These results indicated that soil chemical properties rather than physical properties severely influenced the growth of runners and occurrence of daughter plants.

• Mycobiology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.164-168
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• 2023

This study examined the effects of myristate on an asymbiotic culture of Rhizoglomus intraradices, a species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; Glomeromycota). Mycelial growth and sporulation in a modified medium containing myristate were observed. The findings demonstrated that myristate induced R. intraradices spore formation, with daughter spores having a smaller diameter than the parent spores. This observation is consistent with previous studies on other Rhizoglomus species. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential for continuous culture, mass production using daughter spores, and the application of AMF colonization techniques in plants.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 2015

This study was performed to identify the effect of mixed bed soil on growth of aerial parts and root zone of daughter plants for nursery field strawberry seedling raising with expanded chaff. The plant height and leaf area of daughter plants were highest or largest in the mixed soil of ERH +RH (100:0, v/v), followed by ERH+RH (75:25). The higher the mixing ratio of RH, the shorter the plant height or the smaller the leaf area. A similar tendency was observed in fresh weight. Within a root diameter of 0-0.4 mm and a root height range of 0.4-0.8 mm, root surface area and volume were statistically significantly better with treatment of ERH+RH (100:0, v/v) compared to those of roots treated with ERH+RH (75:25), ERH+RH (50:50) and ERH+RH (25:75). The growth rate of aerial parts and root zone of daughter plants were noticeably lower in two mixing ratios of 50:50 and 25:75. According to the mixing ratios of ERH+CD surface treatment, the number of roots was greatest in plants treated with ERH+CD (80:20, v/v) and ERH+CD (85:15) on August 1. However, the number of roots was highest in plants treated with ERH+CD (85:15, v/v) on August 15. Root length was longest in the plant with no treatment, and drastically shortened from ERH+CD (90:10, v/v) in both surface and mixed treatment. Although root weight showed a significant difference in ERH+CD (90:10, v/v) treatment, its increase was gradual. The rate of root growth was highest in ERH+CD (85:15). These study findings suggest that the content ratios of mixed soil ERH+RH (75:25, v/v) or below and ERH+CD (85:15) are thought to be desirable for the production of high quality seedlings.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.540-544
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• 2010

The nursery plant quality and flower bud induction of new strawberry cultivars, 'Maehyang' and 'Seolhyang' in forcing culture were evaluated in the highland and lowland region. In order to produce daughter plants, the new cultivars were grown in the open field located at both highland (Daekwallyung, above 800 m sea level) and lowland (Gangneung, above 20 m sea level) region, respectively. The average air temperature at highland during nursery plant propagation period was $5.3^{\circ}C$ lower than those at lowland. The number of daughter plants produced at lowland was 2 times as high as those of highland, presumably due to the higher air temperature. Anthracnose incidence rates of runner plants produced at lowland were 4 to 7% as high as those in highland. Mean temperature in the highland ($23.5^{\circ}C$) during flower bud differentiation treatment was $5.1^{\circ}C$ lower than that in the lowland ($28.6^{\circ}C$). Seedlings produced in highland showed higher C/N ratio and lower T/R ratio compared to those produced in lowland. The average flower bud formation date of the daughter plants grown in highland were advanced by 30 days compared to the date in lowland. Accordingly, highland was supposed to be appropriate region for raising seedlings in forcing culture of the new strawberry cultivars of 'Maehyang' and 'Seolhyang'.