• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.364-368
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• 2011

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea was found on a carrot seedling in a greenhouse and a field at Daegwallryeong, Gangwon Province in 2007-2009. Symptoms included irregular, brown, blight, or chlorotic halo on leaves and petioles of the carrots. Fungal conidia were globose to subglobose or ellipsoid, hyaline or pale brown, nonseptate, one celled, $7.2-18.2{\times}4.5-11\;{\mu}m$ ($12.1{\times}8.3\;{\mu}m$) in size, and were formed on botryose heads. B. cinerea colonies were hyaline on PDA, and then turned gray and later changed dark gray or brown when spores appeared. The fungal growth stopped at $35^{\circ}C$, temperature range for proper growth was $15-25^{\circ}C$ on MEA and PDA. Carrots inoculated with $1{\times}10^5$ ml conidial suspension were incubated in a moist chamber at $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for pathogenicity testing. Symptoms included irregular, brown, water-soaked rot on carrot roots and irregular, pale brown or dark brown, water-soaked rot on leaves. Symptoms were similar to the original symptoms under natural conditions. The pathogen was reisolated from diseased leaves, sliced roots, and whole roots after inoculation. As a result, this is the first report of carrot gray mold caused by B. cinerea in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 1995

Carrot cultured cells are able to respond to a temperature increase by inducing a set of new proteins, heat shock proteins (HSP). Such an induction of the HS gene was known to be achieved mainly at the level of transcription. However there has been an increasing number of evidences showing that a translational control was involved in the regulation of the HS gene expression. A comparison of HSP synthesized in vivo to in vivo (represent for mRNA level since the amount of the proteins produced by in vivo translation system will be proportional to an amount of the corresponding mRNA)showed no correlation between the amount of HS mRNA and the amount of the corresponding HSP at $30^{\circ}C$, It appears that a translational control may exert a major role in the expression of HS gene in carrot callus cells at $30^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2009

$Ca^{2+}$ and calmodulin (CaM), a key $Ca^{2+}$ sensor in all eukaryotes, have been implicated for defense responses of plants. Eukaryotic CaM contains four structurally and functionally similar $Ca^{2+}$ domains named I, II, III and IV. Each $Ca^{2+}$ binding loop consists of 12 amino acid residues with ligands arranged spatially to satisfy the octahedral symmetry of $Ca^{2+}$ binding. To investigate the altered gene expression and the role of CaM in ginseng plant defense system, cDNA clone containing a CaM gene, designated PgCaM was isolated and sequenced from Panax ginseng. PgCaM, which has open reading frame of 450 nucleotides predicted to encode a precursor protein of 150 amino acid residues. Its sequence shows high homologies with a number of other CaMs, with more similarity to CaM of Daucus carota (AAQ63461). The expression of PgCaM in different P. ginseng organs was analyzed using real time PCR. The results showed that PgCaM expressed at different levels in young leaves, shoots, and roots of 3-week-old P. ginseng. In addition, the expressions of PgCaM under different abiotic stresses were analyzed at different time intervals.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.94-98
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• 1989

In vitro attachment experiments of bacteria to surface of host plant cell were carried out using C14 labeled cells of A. rhizogenes strain A4 and carrot protoplasts isolated from suspension culture of cells. Protoplasts were cocultivated with A. rhizogenes at various times after their isolation. Attachment kinetics showed that adherence of bacteria to protoplasts attained a maximum level within 120mins of co-cultivation. Maximum attachment occured at pH 6.0 and 24-35$^{\circ}C$. Bacterial attachment was observed at botg carrot cells with and without primary cell wall. The inhibition of transformation on the carrot root discs by A. rhizogenes was observed when non-related strain and heat inactivated bacterial strain cells were pretreated.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2008

Methanol extracts of 35 plant species in 20 families were tested for their insecticidal activities and repellent effects against Nilaparvata lugens female adult by topical application and spray methods. The insecticidal activities and repellent effects of variousplant species and parts were different. The methanol extracts from stem of Garcinia xanthochymus, Senecio scandens and Phytolacca americana, seedcoat of Ginkgo biloba, and leaf+stem of Ailanthus altissima and Catalpa ovata showed potent insecticidal activities against N. lugens. Specially, the G. biloba extract exhibited higher than 90% mortality against N. lugens at a concentration of 4,000 ppm. Repellent effects of plant extracts obtained from whole plant of Daucus carota, fruit of Semecarpus anacardium, leaf+stem of C. ovata and Wisteria sinensis were active, and potent. Also, the plant extracts that are potent in insecticidal activity not necessarily have high repellent activity showing no significant corelation between the two activities.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.361-366
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• 1996

Acceptable fish noodles of better nutritional and sensory values than conventional noodle made only wheat flour were prepared by mixing wheat flour and ground tile fish (Branchioste gus japonicus). In oder to mask a distinctive fish odor, various herbs and spices, such as ginger (Zingiber officinale), curry (Chalcas koenigii), nutmeg (Myristica Pagrans), garlic (Ailium sativum), black pepper (Piper nigrum), lemon (Cirtus limon) or sodachi (Citrus sudachi) were added to the basic tile fish noodle. Also, for the purpose of enhancing eating qual ify and nutritional value of basic noodle were combined some agricultural or fishery products of Cheju island, citrus fruits; danyooja (Citrus danyooga), hagul (C. natfudaidai), medical plants; angelica utilis (Angelica keiskei), ginseng (Panax ginseng), cactus (Opuntia dillenii), vegetable; carrot (Daucus carota), dropwort (Oenanthe jnvanica), seaweeds; fusiforme (Hizkia fusiforme), gulfweed (Sargaceae hlvelium). The optimal mixing ratio for preparing the basic tile fish noodle amounted to ground tile fish 135 g: tile fish stock 139 $m\ell$: wheat flour 450 g: salts 10 g. The mixture of curry powder (2.5 g) and nutmeg powder (2.5 g) was proved to be the most effective combinations for masking unfavorable fish odor. The optimal amounts of materials to be added to the prepared basic noodle were 25 g citrus zest and 80m1 citrus juice for citrus fruits noodles, and ca. 140 g puree for noodles from medical plants, vegetables and seaweeds, respectively. The preference score obtained from consumer preference test, on a 9-point scales, were in oder of i) danyooja > carrot, angelica, ginseng > fusiforme, ii) hagul > dropwort, cactus > gulfweed. The shelf-life of tile fish noodle based on bacterial counting was estimated to be 7-days at 5$^{\circ}C$.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.246-253
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• 1989

Hairy roots of carrot were induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes $A_4$ strain within about 2-4 weeks after inoculated from root disc. Early axonic culture is established in RCM agar medium and following is in MS rigid medium. After 15 days culture, the hairy roots were vigrous growth in about 10 times of initial inoculum. Anthocyanin contents of hairy roots were more than of ordinary roots. 2, 4-D ($10^{-4}mg/ l$), sucrose (5%), nitrogen source (0.03M) contained medium was optimized to growth of hairy root and contents of anthocyanin. Phenotypic alterations of leaves are observed in transformed plants and determined the transformation of hairy roots and the transformed plants by opine assay.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2001

Ethanol extracts of 38 vegetables were subjected to an in vitro screening for their growth-inhibitory activities towards Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum, Clostridium perfringens, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, and Escherichia coli using paper disc agar diffusion methods under anaerobic conditions. The responses varied with both bacterial strain and vegetable species. In a test with 20 mg/disc, Zingiber officinale extracts showed significant growth-inhibitory responses against B. bifidum, and strong inhibitions against L. casei were detected in the extracts of Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum and Lactuca sativa. The extracts of Allium sativum, Capsicum annuum, L. esculentum, L. esculentum var. cerasiforme, and Z. officinale showed strong inhibitory activities against C. perfringens, while moderate growth-inhibitory responses were observed in the extracts of C. ffutescens, Cucurbita moschata, Daucus carota var. sativa, and Rubus coreanus. However, all vegetable extracts showed no inhibitions against B. longum, L. acidophilus, and E. coli. In tests with 5 mg/disc, moderate inhibitions were observed in the extracts of C. coronarium var. spatiosum and L. sativa against L. casei and Z. officinale against B. bifidum. Vegetables extracts, except for C. coronarium var. spatiosum, L. sativa, and Z. officinale, did not affect the growth of beneficial bacteria. Strong inhibitory responses against C. perfringens were detected in the extracts of C. annuum and L. esculentum var. cerasiforme. Daily intake of vegetables may be important in the prevention of human diseases caused by the intestinal bacteria.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.288-298
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• 2014

We examined the efficacy of a bacterium for biocontrol of the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne hapla in carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Among 542 bacterial isolates from various soils and plants, the highest nematode mortality was observed for treatments with isolate C1-7, which was identified as Bacillus cereus based on cultural and morphological characteristics, the Biolog program, and 16S rRNA sequencing analyses. The population density and the nematicidal activity of B. cereus C1-7 remained high until the end of culture in brain heart infusion broth, suggesting that it may have sustainable biocontrol potential. In pot experiments, the biocontrol efficacy of B. cereus C1-7 was high, showing complete inhibition of root gall or egg mass formation by RKN in carrot and tomato plants, and subsequently reducing RKN damage and suppressing nematode population growth, respectively. Light microscopy of RKN-infected carrot root tissues treated with C1-7 showed reduced formation of gall cells and fully developed giant cells, while extensive gall cells and fully mature giant cells with prominent cell wall ingrowths formed in the untreated control plants infected with RKNs. These histopathological characteristics may be the result of residual or systemic biocontrol activity of the bacterium, which may coincide with the biocontrol efficacies of nematodes in pots. These results suggest that B. cereus C1-7 can be used as a biocontrol agent for M. hapla.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.256-261
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• 2015

Purpose: Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with the incidence and mortality being higher in men than in women. Various studies have shown that eating carrots may play a major role in the prevention of gastric cancer. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the relationship between carrot consumption and gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: We searched multiple databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Persian databases like Scientific Information Database (SID) and IranMedx. The following search terms were used: stomach or gastric, neoplasm or cancer, carcinoma or tumor, and carrot. Statistical analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta Analysis/2.0 software. Results: We retrieved 81 articles by searching the databases. After considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 5 articles were included in this study. The odds ratio (OR) obtained by fixed effects model showed that a 26% reduction in the risk of gastric cancer has been associated with the consumption of carrots) OR=0.74; 95% confidence interval=0.68~0.81; P<0.0001). According to funnel graph, the results showed that the possibility of a publication bias does not exist in this study. Conclusions: The findings of this study showed an inverse relationship between the consumption of carrots and the risk of gastric cancer.