• Transactions of the Society of Information Storage Systems
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2007

In this paper, a thermo-piezoelectric mechanism with integrated heaters and piezoelectric sensors has been studied for low power probe-based data storage. Silicon nitride cantilever integrated with silicon heater and piezoelectric sensor has been developed to improve the uniformity of cantilevers. Data bits of 40 nm in diameter were recorded on PMMA film. The sensitivity of the piezoelectric sensor was 0.615 fC/nm after poling the PZT layer. And, the $34\times34$ probe array integrated with CMOS circuits has been successfully developed by simple one-step bonding process. The process can simplify the process step and reduce tip wear using silicon nitride tip.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.419-429
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• 2015

In this study, we explored students' epistemological framing during scientific argumentation and how interactions among group members influenced group argumentation. Twenty-one gifted science students divided into groups of three or four participated in this study. Students' discussions related to data interpretation concerning the rate of photosynthesis were analyzed. Students' activities were videotaped in groups so the discourse could be transcribed and students' behavioral cues analyzed. Students' epistemological framing has been identified through analysis of their speech and behavioral responses to the anomalous data from the inquiry process. Subsequently, their sources of warrant and group argumentation levels were explored. We found out that group members framed the inquiry in two ways: "understanding phenomena" and "classroom game." Group members whose framing was "understanding phenomena" required other members to justify the anomalous data by examining its validity and reliability, which conclusively demonstrated a high level of argumentation. On the other hand, when group members used "classroom game" to frame their argumentation, they did not recognize the necessity of explaining the anomalous data; rather, these students used simple empirical justification to explain the data, reflecting a low level of argumentation. When students using different epistemological framing disagreed over interpretations of anomalous data throughout the discussion, clashes ensued that resulted in emotional conflict and a lack of discussion. Students' framing shifts were observed during the discussion on which group leaders seemed to have a huge influence. This study lays the foundation for future work on establishing productive framing to prompt scientific argumentation in science classrooms.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.405-410
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• 1987

Study population was described at the previously published paper(23). Body Mass Index of 10751, 5th grade students from nation-wide were calculated . From this distribution lowest 10% and highest 10% were selected as group 1 and group 5, respectively. In this paper, between group 1 and group 5 anthropometric data, demographic data and other health related factors were compared. 1) Using Japanese criteria for obesity, the prevalence for obesity at 5 th grade was 5.8% at nation wide and 7.8% at urban area. 2) The proportion of students who skipped breakfasts everyday was 5.8% of whole student surveyed and 8.4% for group 5. The proportion of students who took medicine for health was 29.4% for group and 22.5% for group 5. 3) The students who are at group 5 had larger height and weight velocity than other groups. Group 5 had large increase of BMI by increasing grade, but group 1 had almost no change. 4) In physical fitness examination, group 3 who mean BMI was in the highest class than other groups 5 was in low class.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.134-140
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• 2009

Adequate nutrient intake during pregnancy is important to fetal and maternal health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting birth weight and gestational age and to provide basic data to promote more favorable pregnancy outcomes. Data were collected from 234 pregnant women at two hospitals in Seoul. Demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements and health related habits were obtained using a questionnaire at the hospital visit during the second trimester. Dietary intakes were estimated by 24 hour recall at the hospital visit during the second trimester. Data on pregnancy outcomes, including birth weights and gestational ages, were obtained from hospital records after delivery. Birth weights were divided into a low birth weight group (birth weight<3.1 kg), a normal birth weight group (3.1-3.6 kg) and a high birth weight group (>3.6 kg). Gestational ages were divided into tertiles according to the gestational age of the subjects: group 1 (<38.53 weeks), group 2 (38.53-40.00 weeks) and group 3 (>40.00 weeks). The number of family members was significantly lower in the low birth weight group than in the normal birth weight group (p<0.05). In the low birth weight group, pregnancy weight was significantly lower than in the high birth weight group (p<0.05) Health related habits were not significantly different among any of the groups. Intakes of fiber, phosphorous, iron, vitamin $B_6$ and folic acid were significantly higher in the high birth weight group than the low birth weight group (p<0.05). Gestational age was not significantly affected by nutrient intakes, but birth weight was affected by nutrient intake in the results of this study. Therefore, the adequacy of nutrient intake is important for the improvement of pregnancy outcomes.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1991.06a
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• pp.78-81
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• 1991

Digital radio data is composed of groups which are divided into 4 blocks of 26 bits. And each block is made up of information word and check word. Check word of digital radio data that is composed ofcode word and offset word is used for group/block synchronization and error correction. In this paper, we have investigated the group/block synchronizer using offext word and shortened cyclic decoder for correcting error produced during the radio data transimission. Also, we have simulated the decoding process of the proposed decoder. From the simulation results, we have confirmed that the proposed decoder most with the required coding capcbility.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.366-376
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a group art therapy on decreasing job stress and burnout of clinical oncology nurses. Methods: The study was conducted using a non-equivalent control group, non-synchronized design with repeated measures. A total of 29 clinical oncology nurses participated in the study; 15 were assigned in the experimental group, and 14 in the control group. Data were collected from May to July, 2014. The study questionnaires were administered in three different time points (pretest, 8th week, and 12th week). Data were analyzed using $x^2-test$, Fisher's exact test, t-test, paired t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The first hypothesis "the experimental group with group art therapy will have lower job stress than that of the control group" was support (F=7.88, p=.003). The second hypothesis, "the experimental group will have lower burnout than that of the control group" was not statistically supported (F=1.80, p=.188). Conclusion: The findings of the study indicated that the group art therapy for oncology nurses may positively influence in decreasing job stress, which open a venue for developing a nursing intervention with group art therapy for clinical nurses in future.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.760-770
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was aimed at identifying the effect of meridian acupressure on decreasing the severity of constipation in stroke patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Method: The data was collected from June 1 to July 30, 2005 at D Hospital in Busan. They were divided into two group: one experimental group of 18, and the another control group of 17. Meridian acupressure was given to the experimental group and no meridian acupressure was given to the control group. The data was analyzed using the t-test, ${\chi}^2-test$, Fisher exact, and repeated measures ANCOVA. Results: There was a significant improvement in frequency of defecation and severity of constipation in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: Meridian acupressure can be considered an effective nursing method for the management of constipation among Cerebrovascular Accident patients.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.44
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• pp.36-63
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• 2001

The purposes of this study are to experiment a modified domestic conflict containment program (DCCP) which was initially development for developed by Dr, Neidig on 10 Korean offenders, and to provide practical basement for development of Korean offenders' group. This modified group program is based on cognitive-behavioral and communication theories. The group was leaded by 2 therapists, one female and one male, and continued 12 consecutive weeks, each week for 2 1/2 hours. The evaluation on the program is based on 4 different data: 1) intake form for spouse abuse, 2) group leader's summary on each session based on video taping and an analysis after each session with two probation officers in charge for the offenders, 3) clinical measurement for self esteem (ISE), 4) daily self report on each session and the final evaluation form by the group members. The result was shown consisently that this program achieved the purpose of this study across the all 4 data. Therefore, we suggest our experimental study will be able to provide a practical basement for future development of group treatment model for Korean offenders.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.72-80
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• 2009

Purpose: To investigate the influence of a team learning climate on group performance of hospital nurses. Method: The subjects were 386 nurses who have been working in six hospitals. The data were collected by a structured questionnaire from January 20 to April 30 of 2006. The data were analyzed by SAS version 8.2, including descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The mean score of group performance was 3.38 and team learning climate was 4.89. The group performance was positively correlated with team learning climate(r=.40, p<.0001). The team learning climate explained 15% of the variance in group performance. Conclusion: The findings showed that team learning climate was an important factor in enhancing group performance in nursing organization. Therefore, the nurse manager will establish the strategies to improve the team learning climate of the nurses in order to promote organizational performance.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.115-123
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• 2017

The mutual cooperation among nodes is very important because mobile nodes participating in MANET communicate with limited resources and wireless environment. This characteristic is important especially in environment that supports group communication. In order to support the secure multicast environment, it is important enough to affect performance to provide accurate authentication method for multicast group members and increase the integrity of transmitted data. Therefore, we propose a technique to provide the multicast secure communication by providing efficient authentication and group key management for multicast member nodes in this paper. The cluster structure is used for authentication of nodes in the proposed technique. In order to efficient authentication of nodes, the reliability is measured using a combination of local trust information and global trust information measured by neighboring nodes. And issuing process of the group key has two steps. The issued security group key increases the integrity of the transmitted data. The superiority of the proposed technique was confirmed by comparative experiments.