• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1705-1711
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• 2008

To investigate the relationship between cold stress and the activity of ascorbate peroxidase(APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), mRNA expression level of two enzymes, hydrogen peroxide content was studied in lettuce leaves under stress condition imposed by cold stress at $4^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr in the dark and following recovery at $20^{\circ}C$ from cold stress. Hydrogen peroxide content increased gradually in lettuce leaves during cold stress, but decreased slightly following recovery from cold stress. Soluble protein content, however, decreased gradually during cold stress, and then rapidly returned to normal levels following recovery. Total chlorophyll content decreased gradually during cold stress, and then keep constant following recovery. The patterns of chlorophyll a and b content similar to that of total chlorophyll content, and carotenoid content didn't change. The ratio of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll was increased during cold stress, but decreased with rapid during cold stress, and then the ratio returned to normal levels following recovery. During cold stress, the activity of APX and DHAR in the lettuce leaves increased dramatically, and also transcript levels of mRNA of APX and DHAR, as determined by probing 32P-labeled single stranded RNA of APX and DHAR, highly increased and returned to normal levels following recovery, respectively. Relationship between APX and DHAR activity and hydrogen peroxide highly related ($R^2$=0.8715 and 0.8643), whereas between hydrogen peroxide and total chlorophyll content and soluble content related reversely ($R^2$=0.5021 and 0.8915).

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 1998

$CdS_{0.67}Se_{0.33}$ single crystal was grown by vertical sublimation method of closed tube physical vapour deposition. The (0001) growth plane of oriented single crystals was confirmed from the back-ref1ection Laue patterns. From the Hall effects by van der Pauw method, the as-grown $CdS_{0.67}Se_{0.33}$ single crystals were found to be n-type semiconductors. The mobility appeared to be decreased by lattice scattering at temperature range from 150K to 293K and by impurity scattering at temperatures ranging from 30K to 150K In order to explore its applicability in photoconductive cells, we measured the ratio of photo-current to dark-current (pc/dc), maximum allowable power dissipation (MAPD), spectral response and response time respectively. The results indicated that for the samples annealed in Cu vapour the photoconductive characteristics are best. We obtained sensitivity of 0.99, the value of pc/de of $1.84{\times}10^{7}$, the MAPD of 323mW and the rise and decay time of 9.3 ms and 9.7 ms, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.67-85
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• 2004

Four volumes of the script of the Avatamska Sutra written with golden paste on dark blue papers manufactured in Koryo Dynasty which are collected or deposited in every museum of Japan show specific features on their cover paintings. In general 3 or 4 lotus flowers are wound by arabesque patterns in zigzag on the cover paintings of Koryo scripts, whereas 10 lotus flowers painted with golden paste on the 4 volumes of these scripts are same in their style. Though there is no prayer sentences in 4 volumes of the script, it is possible to know that they should belong to a set of 80 Avatamska Sutra by the results of above studies. In this study the contents of Byunsangwha of the script of 4 volumes of the Avatamska Sutra were discussed at first and their manufactured era should be postulated by the results of style analysis of cover paintings and Byunsangwha. First thing that saint hair of Buddha was painted with cobalt color is same as that of Byunsangwha of Munsuchoisangsungmusenggebueob prayed in Tejeong 3rd year, king Chungsuk 13th year(AD 1326). Second thing that the beads in topknot of saint hair and lips were painted completely with pink color, and ears, face outline as well as bosom outline disclosed through monk's cloth were also painted with pink color, furthermore the last thing is that Buddha's face was coated with golden paste. All of these things are same as shown in the characteristics of Byunsangwha of the scripts of Kanezawa Daishoji, Matsue Tenrinji and Haga Tera collection in Japan. However, since the cloud pattern style of Byunsangwha of the script is similar to that of the Byunsangwha manufactured in reinstatement era of king Chungsuk, it is possible to say that these 4 volumes of script should be manufactured in the reinstatement era of king Chungsuk.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.102-113
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• 1998

This experiment used chlorophyll fluorescence techniques to assess the effect of irradiant during leaf development on photoinhibition of photosynthesis in Panax ginseng. Seedlings of p. ginseng were grown in the 91asshouse at four shade levels. The maximum mid-day irradiant in each treatment between emergence (January 4) and completion of the experiment (February 25) was 1220, 485, 235, 125 $\mu$mol/$\textrm{m}^2$/s. To assess the rapidity of photosynthetic readaptation to changes in light levels, fluorescence parameters (Fo, F, Fm, Fm', AF/Fm;, Fv/Fm) were measured for three days before and after transfer of plants (on February 21) from each light treatment into each of the other light treatments. Before transfer, dark adapted values of Fv/Fm in the 1220 (0.699) and 485 (0.739) treatments were different from each other and lower than values in the 235 (0.764) and 125 (0.768) treatments, indicating mild photoinhibition. Patterns of change in F during the day also differed between treatments, with low light treatments tracking irradiant levels, but F in the high light treatment (1220) declined in the morning, presumably due to fluorescence quenching. Although plants grown at high irradiant had relatively low photosynthetic efficiency, relative electron transport rate was greater than in lower irradiant treatments. After transfer, plants adopted the daily pattern of change in F of the treatment to which they were moved with little change in absolute levels of F, except in plants transferred from the highest (1220) to the lowest light level (125), where F increased over the course of the three days following transfer. After plants were transferred, Fm' converged on values similar to those in plants raised in the treatments to which they were moved. Values of Fv/Fm in plants moved from low to high light declined dramatically, but there was no decline in plants from 485 moved to 1220. Values of Pv/Fm in plants that were moved from high light to lower light increased to values above those recorded in plants raised in the lower light treatments. Reductions in quantum efficiency caused by photoinhibition at high irradiant may be more than compensated for by higher electron transport rates, although evidence suggests that under high irradiant this tends to be balanced by reduced leaf area and earlier senescence. Chlorophyll fluorescence techniques appear capable of indicating effects of irradiant induced stress in ginseng, yielding results comparable to those obtained with gas exchange techniques but in less time and with greater replication.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2001

This study is to analyze Korean-Chinese women's Costume in Yabian with factors such as reform opening-up, economic growth, change of social values, development of technology, more education opportunities and influence of mass media. It divides the 1990's into two halves. Photos, interview, observation and relevant literature were used for this study. Even though economy grew rapidly, they needed to purchase daily goods other than clothes. In a way that they preferred practicality, it showed somewhat it was still developing. The trend in the first half of the 1990's was characterized : first, Synthetic or artificial fibers and ready-made suits were popular ; second, there still remained the men's style ; third, they wore Tanrikoo(彈力袴), Tisingkoo(體型袴), Jiaotakoo(脚袴) because of its properties of activeness and comfort ; fourth, shoulders looked ore prominent with pads as they were used in Chungsanfoo(中山服) ; fifth, clothes in grey and dark blue was in fashion ; sixth, they wore hand-made knit vests and sweaters and often mountain-climbing gears for its light and warm quality ; seventh, along with opening-up, various materials and colorful clothes were in style, which satisfied women's desire for beauty. They decorated Hanbok(韓服), using sleeves with colors, golden ornaments, flower patterns embroidery, materials of different color in collar and tie and dyes of sleeves and skirts. In the first half of the 1990's when the opening-up was beginning, there were diverse styles and colors in fashion, yet not close to good quality. As the economy grew, the second half of the 1990's was characterized by good palate, individuality, favouritism on foreign goods, rapid change of fashion. For instance, fur coat and woolen fabric were favored. Economic growth led to abundance of cloth, dyes and decorative materials. In addition, people possessed more clothing and it was possible for them to wear both Hanbok and wedding dress in wedding ceremony. People placed their standards on competency and financial ability rather than ideology. Worship disappeared and individuality arose. Therefore, apparel functioned not only as protection but as suits with aesthetic purpose. This resulted in introduction of bold style, imitation of western countries and extension of use of Hanbok. With the help of mass media, transportation, telecommunication, contact with Korean company and civilians, Korean and western cultures, through Korea, were accepted. Change in structure of economic status caused excessive spending and more educational opportunities that enabled people to accept foreign culture quickly. Values moved onto new, beautiful and better characteristics. it was possible to have suits ready-made due to improvement of mass production and cotten, wool, linen, silk became popular owing to technology. New technology, the bases of mass consumption, increased possession of clothing and accelerated change of fashion. In summary, women's Costume in Yanbian were affected by the factors in economy, politics, culture contact as well as change of society and technology.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.42 no.2 s.119
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• pp.243-257
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• 2007

This paper aims to analyze fear of crime which is considered socio-psychologically important in our daily lives from a geographical point of view. Especially, the spatial patterns of the fear of crime which were analyzed in the area of Youngtong in Suwon city. First, this paper takes a look at the correlation between the incidence of crime and the fear of crime. Most people feel fear in actual crime scenes, but they do not always coincide with place where people feel the high level of fear. Fear of crime is closely connected with physical environments as well as the incidence of crime. The level of fear is high in places where the light is dark, unfrequented paths, especially in parks and around mountains. Several factors which have effects on fear of crime operate differently upon place. Second, a survey which measures the fear of crime was quantitatively analyzed. Factor analysis was employed to find out whether questions are appropriate for measuring the fear of crime as well as to reduce the amount of data so that more exact result can be derived from the data. Through the factor analysis, seven factors were extracted and it is found that a factor of incivility accounts for 24.032% of variance. Other factors which affect fear of crime are community cohesion, warning, incidence of crime, victimization, morality and authority.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.284-289
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• 2003

Titanium mesoporous materials have received increasing attention as a new photocatalyst in the field for photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds. The photocatalytic degradation of chlorothalonil by mesoporous titanium oxo-phoswhate (Ti-MCM) was investigated in aqueous suspension for comparison with $TiO_2$, (Degussa, P25) using as an effective photocatalyst of organic pollutants. Mesoporous form of titanium Phosphate has been prepared by reaction of sulfuric acid and titanium isopropoxide in the presence or n-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. The XRD patterns of Ti-MCM are hexagonal phases with d-spacings of 4.1 nm. Its adsorption isotherm for chlorothalonil reached at reaction equilibrium within 60 min under dark condition with 28% degradation efficiency. The degradation ratio of chlorothalonil after 9 hours under the UV radiation condition (254 nm) exhibited 100% by Ti-MCM and 88% by $TiO_2$. However, these degradation kinetics in static state showed a slow tendency compared to that of stirred state because of a low contact between titanium matrices and chlorothalonil. Also, degradation efficiency of chlorothalonil was increased with decreasing initial concentration and with increasing pH of solution. As results of this study, it was clear that mesoporous titanium oxo-phosphate with high surface area and crystallinity could be used to photo- catalytic degradation of various organic pollutants.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.32-35
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• 2003

Pink rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) occurred at Pyeongchang in Gangwon and at Bosung in Junnam province since 1999. The disease incidence in the surveyed areas was about 5% of harvested potatoes in 2002. Affected tubers showed a dull brown appearance and the lenticels and eyes on tubers turned dark brown. The cut surface of the diseased tuber colored faint pink and the entire surface of the diseased tuber becomes deep salmon pink within 30 min. The pathogen isolated from the diseased tubers was identified as Phytophthora erythroseptica based on morphological and cultural characteristics. Mycelial mat was fairly fluffy, rosette or stellate patterns and rounded or angular hyphal swellings were farmed in water, Temperature for mycelial growth was ranged from 5 to 3$0^{\circ}C$ and optimal temperature was $25^{\circ}C$. Non-papillate sporangia were persistent on stalk and ellipsoid, ovoid, obpyriform or distorted in shape, often with a constriction distal in the middle. Size of sporangia was 41.3~69.6$\times$26.8~47.4 (av, 55.5$\times$37.1) ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. Sexuality of Phytophthora erythroseptica was homothallic. Oogonia were 30~46 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in diameter and oospores were 28~35 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in diameter, Elongated or cyclindrical antheridia were all amphigynous. This is the first report on potato pink rot caused by Phytophthora erythroseptica in Korea.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.40-50
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• 2015

In the interaction between plants and pathogens, carbon (C) resources provide energy and C skeletons to maintain, among many functions, the plant immune system. However, variations in C availability on pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) have not been systematically examined. Here, three types of starch mutants with enhanced susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 hrcC were examined for PTI. In a dark period-dependent manner, the mutants showed compromised induction of a PTI marker, and callose accumulation in response to the bacterial PAMP flagellin, flg22. In combination with weakened PTI responses in wild type by inhibition of the TCA cycle, the experiments determined the necessity of C-derived energy in establishing PTI. Global gene expression analyses identified flg22 responsive genes displaying C supply-dependent patterns. Nutrient recycling-related genes were regulated similarly by C-limitation and flg22, indicating re-arrangements of expression programs to redirect resources that establish or strengthen PTI. Ethylene and NAC transcription factors appear to play roles in these processes. Under C-limitation, PTI appears compromised based on suppression of genes required for continued biosynthetic capacity and defenses through flg22. Our results provide a foundation for the intuitive perception of the interplay between plant nutrition status and pathogen defense.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2010

In this study, we analyzed ridge-runnel structure and ripple marks by using Envisat ASAR, JERS-1 SAR images and in-situ data in Mongsanpo intertidal flat located in Taean-Gun, Korea. A group of light-and-dark lines parallel to the shoreline, alternating 3-5 times, were observed in the intertidal flat in Envisat ASAR images. The patterns are related to ridge-runnel structure in the intertidal flat exposed to air. Well-drained runnels, typically with ripple marks, showed strong backscattering while runnels submerged by surface water or ridges, typically smooth with no ripple, have weak backscattering coefficients in Envisat ASAR images. In JERS-1 SAR images, however, the backscattering was very low on the entire intertidal flat and no ridge-runnel structure could be observed. The wavelengths of ripple marks measured from in-situ observations have ranges from 4 to 10 cm that satisfies the Bragg scattering condition of the 1st-order in Envisat ASAR images operating in C-band, but not in JERS-1 SAR that used L-band. Through this study using SAR images, we could successfully analyze the sedimentary conditions of intertidal flats with ridge-runnel and ripple marks which are not easily observed by optical sensors. It is expected that the results of this study with SAR images will contribute to the sedimentary research over intertidal flats.