• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.695-704
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The type of sweet snack incorporated into an energy-restricted diet (ERD) may produce differential effects on metabolic improvements associated with body weight (BW) loss. This study compared effects of incorporating either twice daily energy-controlled dark chocolate snacks plus once daily sugar-free cocoa beverage (DC) to non-chocolate snacks plus sugar-free non-cocoa beverage (NC) into an ERD on BW loss and metabolic outcomes. MATERIALS/METHODS: In an 18-week randomized comparative trial, 60 overweight/obese premenopausal women were assigned to DC (n = 30) or NC group (n = 30). Dietary intake was measured at baseline and week 18, and BW, anthropometrics, blood pressure (BP) and serum glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations were measured at baseline, and weeks 6, 12 and 18. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Using intention-to-treat analysis, women in DC and NC groups reduced energy intake (both P < 0.001) and lost $4.4{\pm}0.6kg$ and $5.0{\pm}0.9kg$ (both P < 0.001), respectively. Both groups lowered systolic and diastolic BP [DC = 2.7 (P < 0.05), 2.7 (P < 0.01); NC = 3.4 (P < 0.01), 4.2 (P < 0.01) mmHg, respectively]. Glucose and insulin concentrations decreased by 0.72 mmol/L (P < 0.001) and 13.20 pmol/L (P < 0.01) in DC group and by 0.83 mmol/L (P < 0.001) and 13.20 pmol/L (P < 0.01), respectively, in NC group. Total cholesterol increased in NC group (P < 0.05), with no significant lipid changes in DC group. There were no significant differences in biomarker outcomes between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight/obese premenopausal women following an 18-week ERD that included either DC or NC sweet snack and sugar-free beverage lost equivalent amounts of BW and improved BP measurements and glucose and insulin concentrations.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.224-230
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• 2014

Brazil (Monte Alegro) and Ethiopia (Sidamo) coffee beans were roasted at three different roasting levels(light, medium, and dark), and were analyzed for color, total phenolic compound, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid contents. The total phenolic and caffeine contents remained unchanged during roasting. The chlorogenic acid levels of the Brazil and Ethiopia samples decreased with roasting. The antioxidant activities were measured using DPPH and ABTS. The radical scavenging activities of the light-roasted and dark-roasted coffee beans were similar. The flavor patterns of roasted coffee beans were analyzed using an electronic nose system based on gas chromatography. The data revealed that the flavor patterns of the roasted coffee beans could be separated via discriminant function analysis (DFA) method. The taste of the roasted coffee beans was analyzed using an electronic tongue system. The sourness and sweetness were decreased with roasting.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.41.1-41.7
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• 2020

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the ability of lithium disilicate ceramics to reproduce the A2 shade and to mask A4 substrates. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four discs (8 mm in diameter, shade A2) of high translucency (groups 1-3) and low translucency (groups 4-6) of IPS e.max ceramic with different thicknesses (0.5, 0.75, and 1 mm) were fabricated as monolithic structures. In addition, discs of medium opacity (group 7-8) with different core/veneer combinations (0.3 mm/0.7 mm and 0.5 mm/0.5 mm) were fabricated as bilayer structures. Specimens were superimposed on an A4 substrate (complex). The color changes of the complex were measured using a spectrophotometer on a black background, and the ΔE values of the complex were compared with either the A4 substrate or the A2 shade tab. One-way analysis of variance, the Tukey honest significant difference test, and the Fisher test were used to analyze the data (p < 0.05). Results: Significant between-group differences were found for comparisons to both the A4 substrate and the A2 shade (p < 0.05). When compared with the A4 substrate, the ΔE values in all groups were in the non-acceptable range. When compared with the A2 shade, the ΔE values in all groups, except groups 2 and 3, were in the clinically acceptable range. Conclusions: All translucencies and thicknesses masked the underlying dark substrate. However, the low-translucency IPS e.max Press better reproduced the A2 shade.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.111-122
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• 2013

PURPOSES : The purpose of this system (Rear Lighting System) is to provide illumination for the driver to operate the commercial vehicle safely after dark in highway, to increase the conspicuity of the vehicle, and especially be suggesting the finest observable improvement method, depending on color and pattern of rear lighting system of truck for midnight highway traffic. METHODS : Rear lightning system as an improving way for forward commercial vehicles lighting the securing sight from human factors and the surrounding environment in midnight driving. For this one, basic materials were collected from the data analysis about many types of problems, and filed investigation for establishing Driving Simulator. also taking statistic test to human volunteers after finding recognizable distance of them. RESULTS : As a result, color with the highest visuality is amber followed by green-red-blue as in order for all road types. Especially almost no difference is found between red and green, also when the light is turn off, recognizable distances is wide difference compared to turn on the light. One more thing about study per pattern, upper and entire lighting have similar recognizable distances, but under lighting shows short distance with difficulty securing sight from medians. And straight section shows similar recognizable distances. By finding visuality improvement method depending on color and pattern of supplement taillight, it is expected to suggest quantitative judgement standard for introducing regulation and improvement of supplement taillight. CONCLUSIONS : Night time vehicle conspicuity to the rear is provided by rear position lamps. this study is showed that the color of light ramp is not important to be safe driving, most important is to turn on the light, recognizable distances is big different compared to turn off the rear light, so when the drivng dark in highway, have to turn on the light for reducing risk.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.39.2-39.2
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• 2019

Galaxy clusters are the largest gravitationally bound structures in the universe and located in the densest peak of the dark matter. They can constraint cosmologicals model from their dark matter halo distribution and they are good laboratories to study how galaxy evolution varies with their environment. Especially, studies of galaxy clusters at $z{\geq}1$ are important because (i) galaxy evolution at z >1 is still controversial (Elbaz et al. 2007; Faloon et al. 2013) and (ii) some studies show that mass of galaxy clusters at z>1 seems to be higher than expected value from the concordance LCDM cosmological model (Kang & Im 2009; Gonzales et al. 2012). In spite of their significance, there have not been many studies of galaxy clusters at $z{\geq}1$ because of the lack of wide and deep multi-wavelength data. We newly found galaxy cluster candidates at 0.2 < z < 1.4 and a LSS spanning over 100Mpc at z~0.9 in the ELAIS-N1 field which is one of the IMS (Infrared Medium-deep Survey; Im et al. 2019, in preparation) fields. Thanks to K-GMT science program, we performed spectroscopic follow-up observation for a z~1 galaxy cluster candidates with GMOS of Gemini North and for z~0.9 supercluster candidates with Hectospec of MMT in 2018A and confirmed the large scale structures. We present the newly discovered galaxy overdensities from the observation and the analysis result.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.63-71
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze children's clothing preference on animated character color. The experimental materials developed for this study were a set of stimulus and response scales. The stimuli were 30 color pictures, in which gender (boy, girl), type of character (Mickey Mouse, Mini Mouse), hue of character (red, yellow, green, blue, purple), and tone of character (vivid, light, dark) were manipulated. The 5-point scale was used to evaluate children's clothing preferences. Data were obtained from 300 boys and 300 girls living in Seoul, Busan, Jinju, and Changwon in April 2010. For data analysis, ANOVA and Duncan-test were used by using SPSS program. Results of this study were as follows. Tone of character had an independent effect on children's clothing preference. Interaction effects of gender and hue of the character were found. Interaction effects of gender and tone of the character were found. Interaction effects of type and tone of the character were found.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clothing image according to coloration, tone, and interval of checked pattern in color contrast. The experimental materials developed for this study were a set of stimulus and response scales. The stimuli were 24 color pictures, in which coloration(RB: Red+Blue, YP: Yellow+Purple), tone(light, dull, dark), and interval(0.5 cm, 1.5 cm, 3.5 cm, 5.5 cm) were manipulated. The 7-point scale was used for evaluation of clothing image. Data were obtained from 240 female college students living in Seoul, Gwangju, Jinju, and Masan on May 2010. For data analysis, ANOVA and Duncan-test were used by using SPSS program. Results of this study were as follows.; Clothing image according to coloration, tone, and interval of checked pattern consisted of five dimensions of attractiveness, freshness, appeal, modesty, and activity. Coloration showed an independent effect on attractiveness and appeal. Tone showed an independent effect on freshness, appeal, and modesty. Interval showed an independent effect on freshness. Also, interaction effects of coloration and tone on appeal were found. Interaction effects of coloration and interval on modesty were found.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.867-876
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• 2011

This study investigates the image of casual shirts according to color combination, tone, and interval of checked pattern in tone-in-tone coloration. The experimental materials developed for this study were a set of stimulus and response scales. The stimuli were 24 color pictures, in which color combination (RY: Red+Yellow, BP: Blue+Purple), tone (light, dull, dark), and interval (0.5cm, 1.5cm, 3.5cm, and 5.5cm) were manipulated. The 7-point scale was used for evaluation of image. Data were obtained from 240 female college students living in Seoul, Gwangju, Jinju, and Changwon in April 2010. For data analysis, ANOVA and Duncan-test were used by using SPSS program. The results of this study are as follows. Image according to color combination, tone, and interval of checked pattern consisted of five dimensions of attractiveness, youth- activity, appeal, modesty, and freshness. The cover combination showed an independent effect on freshness. Tone showed an independent effect on attractiveness, youth-activity, appeal, and modesty. Interval showed an independent effect on appeal, modesty, and freshness. Interaction effects of color combination and tone on youth-activity and appeal were found. In addition, interaction effects of tone and interval on attractiveness, youth-activity, and freshness were also found.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.10
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• pp.16-31
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• 2011

This paper aims to identify the similarities and differences of color preference for mountain climbing wear according to gender, season and item. Total of 749 photos of mountain climbers were taken in 2009 during weekends in May and October at two mountains in Seoul. In order to analyze color by hue and tone, all the data were digitalized using Photoshop and converted to HV/C by using the Munsell Conversion software. For the purpose of data analysis, 13 colors of hue, including 10 base colors of the Munsel color system plus white, gray and black, and 12 tones of PCCS were grouped into 5 groups according to close distance. Jumper, t-shirts, vest and pants were selected as the 4 item categories. Results showed that there were clear differences in color preference based on gender. Women, with a preference for red, reddish purple, black, purple and blue, displayed wider range of choices in color as compared to men, who preferred black and blue color throughout all seasons. Yellow, green, and greenish blue were less preferred by both men and women. For pants, black represented over 90% as the main color for both genders. Overall, men preferred dark tones and women preferred vivid and bright tones. Moreover, there were less distinct differences in color preference according to season and item.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.479-492
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• 2021

We conducted a fundamental study on geological and rock detection via drone-based hyperspectral imaging on various types of small rock samples and interpreted the obtained information to compare and classify rocks. Further, we performed hyperspectral imaging on ten rocks, and compared the peak data value and reflectance of rocks. Results showed a difference in the reflectance and data value of the rocks, indicating that the rock colors and minerals vary or the reflectance is different owing to the luster of the surface. Among the rocks, limestone used for hyperspectral imaging is grayish white, inverted rock contains various sizes and colors in the dark red matrix, and granite comprises colorless minerals, such as white, black, gray, and colored minerals, resulting in a difference in reflectance. The reflectance of the visible ray range in ten rocks was 16.00~85.78%, in the near infrared ray range, the average reflectance was 23.94~86.43%, the lowest in basalt and highest in marble in both cases. This is because of the pores in basalt, which caused the difference in reflectance.