• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1268-1273
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• 2003

Sixty postpartum lactating Friesian cows in 3 treatments at a commercial dairy farm were used to study the effect of using progesterone supplementation with GnRH and PGF2$\alpha$ synchronization with and without timed AI on fertility during summer. Cows in treatment1($Tr_1$) and treatment2 ($Tr_1$) were fitted with progesterone releasing intravaginal device (PRID) device and injected with 10 g GnRH agonist on $51{\pm}3$ d postpartum (pp). Seven days later, PRID was removed and cows received 25 mg PGF2$\alpha$. Two days later, $Tr_1$ cows received another injection of 10 g GnRH and timed AI 16-20 h later. Control cows received only 25 mg PGF2$\alpha$ $58{\pm}3d\;pp$. $Tr_2$ and control cows were AI at detected estrus. Serum progesterone for all cows was determined on days of injection, AI and 21, 23 and 28 d postinsemination. Pregnancy rates from first AI based on serum P4 concentrations on d 21, 23 and 28 postinsemination (50, 40 and 35%) and that based on rectal palpation 40-45 d postinsemination (30, 15 and 15% for $Tr_1$, $Tr_2$ and control cows, respectively) did not differ among the three groups. Whereas, pregnancy rate at 120 d pp for $Tr_1$ (65%) was higher (p<0.05) than that in $Tr_2$ (30%) or control (30%). The overall pregnancy rate was not significantly different (90, 90 and 75% for $Tr_1$, $Tr_2$ and control, respectively). Days open for cows in $Tr_1$ ($100.3{\pm}9$) was less (p<0.03) than that in $Tr_2$ ($130.9{\pm}9$) or control ($135.1{\pm}10$). Results indicate that using PRID device with Ovsynch program had significantly increased pregnancy rate and decreased days open compared to AI at detected estrus after synchronization with GnRH, PRID and PGF2$\alpha$ or synchronization with one injection of PGF2$\alpha$.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2007

Milk components analysis was carried out milk yield(MY), milk fat(MF), milk protein(MP), milk urea nitrogen(MUN), milk solid(MS), day of non-pregnant condition(DNPC), and days of primipara(DPRI) involved. Dairy farms were divided high, middle and low groups according to the standard records for milk components. Examination records were divided by farm, parity, year, season and month, the number of samples were 28,957. MUN concentration was below 12 mg and when the MPP was below 3.0%, the days of non-pregnant condition were $94{\pm}10.77$ days but concentration of MUN was under 12 mg and when MPP was above 3.2%, longer period of non-pregnant condtion of $181.3{\pm}9.25$ was noted. The days of gestation of the first calving cow was $495.9{\pm}9.04$ days when the concentration of MUN was below 12mg/dl and MPP was under 3.0%. If the concentration of MUN was 12 mg/dl and when the MPP was over 3.2%, the days of gestation were $511.0{\pm}8.36$ days. It was believed that the concentrations of MPP and MUN have significant effects on the days of non-pregnant condition and the days of gestation. Determination of MY, MF, MS, and MUN was Milkoscan $4,000{\sim}5,000$ Serier(FOSS Electric Co., Copenhagen, Denmark). MUN standard concentration was 12-18(mg/dl) similar to blood urea nitrogen(BUN). Mutual relationship of milk components(MF, SCC, MY, DNPC, MS) and MUN concentration was low in regression analysis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.442-451
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• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of transport stress on physiological and hematological responses and milk performance in lactating dairy cows. Methods: Ten lactating dairy cows were randomly divided into 2 groups. The treatment group (TG) was transported 200 km for 4 h by truck, and the control group (NTG) was restrained by stanchion for 4 h in Konkuk University farm. Blood and milk samples were collected at 24 h pre-transport; 1, 2, and 4 h during transport; and 2, 24, and 48 h post-transport. Milk yields were measured at 24 h pre-transport, 0 h during transport, and 24, 48, and 72 h post-transport. Results: Leukocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte numbers in the TG were significantly higher than those of the NTG at each experimental time point. Lymphocyte numbers in the TG were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of the NTG at 48 h post-transport. Additionally, the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio of the TG was 45% and 46% higher than that of the NTG at 4 h during transport and 2 h post-transport, respectively. There were no significant differences in erythrocyte numbers, hemoglobin concentrations, platelet numbers, and hematocrit percentages between two groups. Cortisol levels in the TG were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in the NTG. Milk yields in the TG were lower than those in the NTG. The somatic cell count (SCC) of the TG was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the NTG at 1 and 2 h during transport; that of the TG increased dramatically at 1 h during transport and gradually decreased subsequently. Conclusion: Transport stress increased blood parameters including leucocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte numbers by increased cortisol levels, but did not affect erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Additionally, transport resulted in a decrease in milk yield and reduced milk quality owing to an increase in milk SCC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.1002-1011
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the composition and diversity of the fungal flora at various control points in cheese ripening rooms of 10 dairy farms from six different provinces in the Republic of Korea. Methods: Floor, wall, cheese board, room air, cheese rind and core were sampled from cheese ripening rooms of ten different dairy farms. The molds were enumerated using YM petrifilm, while isolation was done on yeast extract glucose chloramphenicol agar plates. Morphologically distinct isolates were identified using sequencing of internal transcribed spacer region. Results: The fungal counts in 8 out of 10 dairy farms were out of acceptable range, as per hazard analysis critical control point regulation. A total of 986 fungal isolates identified and assigned to the phyla Ascomycota (14 genera) and Basidiomycota (3 genera). Of these Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium were the most diverse and predominant. The cheese ripening rooms was overrepresented in 9 farms by Penicillium (76%), while Aspergillus in a single farm. Among 39 species, the prominent members were Penicillium commune, P. oxalicum, P. echinulatum, and Aspergillus versicolor. Most of the mold species detected on surfaces were the same found in the indoor air of cheese ripening rooms. Conclusion: The environment of cheese ripening rooms persuades a favourable niche for mold growth. The fungal diversity in the dairy farms were greatly influenced by several factors (exterior atmosphere, working personnel etc.,) and their proportion varied from one to another. Proper management of hygienic and production practices and air filtration system would be effective to eradicate contamination in cheese processing industries.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.243-252
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• 2001

Milk constituents and somatic cell count (SCC) were analysed for 4,059 milk samples from 178 dairy farms from April to December in 1999. Correlations among each milk constituents, milk urea (MU) concentration and SCC in association with lactation stage, milk yield and parity, and balancing status of nutrients' supplies were analysed, and the results are summarized as follows; Averages of milk fat percent, total solids percent and milk yield were $3.72{\pm}0.91%$, $12.50{\pm}1.31%$ and $23.80{\pm}8.54kg$, respectively, whereas those were significantly lower during the summer season. In contrast, average of MU concentration was $0.0361{\pm}0.0006%$ which was significantly higher during the summer season. With milk yield, concentrations of fat, protein and SCC in milk decreased but concentrations of lactose and urea in milk and body condition score (BCS) were not altered. Concentrations of fat, protein, lactose, total solids, SNF, and urea in milk were significantly affected by stage of lactation ($P{\leq}0.0001$) but SCC was not changed. Parity of dairy cows had a significant effect on concentrations of fat ($P{\leq}0.02$), lactose ($P{\leq}0.0001$), total solids ($P{\leq}0.002$), and SNF ($P{\leq}0.0001$) in milk and milk yield ($P{\leq}0.0005$) but did not change concentrations of urea and protein in milk. Somatic cell count had significant positive correlationship with percentages of fat, protein and total solids ($P{\leq}0.0001$), respectively, but had negative correlationship with percentages of urea and lactose in milk and milk yield ($P{\leq}0.0001$). Milk urea concentration was negatively correlated with concentrations of protein, fat, total solids, and SNF in milk and milk yield ($P{\leq}0.0001$) and, according to regression analysis using milk urea concentration and SCC, following equation was obtained; $Y(MU)=3.688{\times}10^{-2}-4.04{\times}10^{-7}{\times}X(SCC{\times}1,000)(r^2=0.0038$, $P{\leq}0.0001$). We studied balance between protein and energy supplies to dairy cows in each farm based upon milk urea and protein concentrations, and results showed that 137 of total 178 farms fed cows unbalanced amounts of dietary protein and energy.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 2016

In order to provide basic data to predict changes of milk components in milk yield, this study was conducted to compare nutritive values of diets collected from organic dairy farms (ODF) and conventional dairy farms (CDF) of Chungnam and Jeonbuk in Korea. The contents of crude fat, crude fiver, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber in diets of ODF were significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to those of CDF. The contents of crude protein and crude ash in ODF were also higher (p<0.05) than those of CDF. The contents of calcium, ferrum, and phosphorus in diets of ODF were similar to those of CDF. The contents of potassium, magnesium, and iodine in diets of ODF were higher (p<0.05) than those of CDF. The contents of total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in diets of ODF were higher (p<0.05) compared to those of CDF. The contents of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid in diets of ODF were higher (p<0.05) compared to those of CDF. However, the contents of myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid in diets of ODF were lower (p<0.05) compared to those of CDF.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.157-160
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• 1978

One case of left-sided abomasal displacement is described. The examination methods available to the practitioner do lead to a positive diagnosis except one of the splashing sound of abomasum. Preference is given to laparotomy (rumenotomy) from the left si

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2002.02a
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• pp.415-419
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• 2002

가축 사양관리 시스템의 전자 개체 인식장치를 ISO 표준인 125kHz대 RFID 기술을 응용하여 유전지 태그와 리더를 개발하였다. 최대 인식거리는 37cm였으며, 인식율은 100회 반복실험에서 100%의 인식율을 보였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 유전지 태그에 건전지를 사용할 경우 수명은 2∼3개월 정도로 예상된다. 젖소의 평균 수명을 6∼7년으로 볼 때, 너무 짧은 것으로 판단된다. 따라서, 추후 태그의 수명 연장을 위해 저전력 소자 및 무전지 태그에 관한 연구가 계속 되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 메모리와 디코딩 회로를 추가하여 개체 코드 비트 수를 늘린다면, 태그에 그 개체의 출생 국가 및 지역, 생년월일, 목장 등의 정보를 할당이 가능해지므로, 보다 효율적인 사양 관리가 가능해 질뿐만 아니라 전염병 발생 시 경로 추적 및 출하 후 병적 추적 또한 가능해 질 것으로 판단된다. 본 장치가 상용화된다면, 수입에 의한 문제점 해결은 물론 국내 현실에 적합한 장치를 보다 낮은 가격으로 농가에 보급할 수 있게 되어, 국내 축산 농가의 국제 경쟁력 확보에 크게 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.32-36
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• 2021

Milking parlor wastewater contains not only high concentrations of organic compounds, but often animal antibiotics. To discharge the antibiotics to public water area cause problem of antibiotics resistant bacteria. Magnetic separation was applied into improvement of milking parlor wastewater treatment process. A new process, composed of a magnetic activated sludge (MAS) process and a contact oxidation (CO) process, was proposed in this study. This process was evaluated by the simulated milking parlor wastewater (4500 mg/L COD_Cr and 10 mg/L tetracycline) using a bench scale experimental setup. As a result, the process was able to removed 97% COD_Cr as well as 94% tetracycline. The MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) concentration of MAS was maintained at 12000 mg/L without excess sludge drawing. This process was considered to be useful as treatment process for milking parlor wastewater in which waste-milk including antibiotics is often discharged.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.382-388
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with pregnancy following 3 synchronization protocols in dairy cows. Data were collected on 1,952 cows from 22 dairy farms, including synchronization protocols ($PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ + estradiol benzoate [PG+EB], Ovsynch, and CIDR-ovsynch), cow parity, body condition score (BCS), and dates of previous calving, insemination and conception. The odds ratio (OR) for pregnancy were analyzed by logistic regression using the LOGISTIC procedure in SAS. The analysis revealed that farm (p = 0.005), cow parity (p = 0.0001), BCS (p < 0.005), and AI season (p < 0.05) significantly affected and calving to AI interval tended to affect (p < 0.1) the probability for pregnancy. Although synchronization protocols did not affect the probability for pregnancy (p > 0.05), cow parity and synchronization protocols showed a significant interaction (p < 0.005); the OR (0.60) was significantly lower (p < 0.0001) for multiparous cows compared to primiparous cows using PG+EB, whereas the OR (1.44) tended to be higher (p < 0.1) for multiparous cows compared to primiparous cows using the Ovsynch, and the probability for pregnancy did not differ between multiparous and primiparous cows using the CIDR-ovsynch (p > 0.05). Cows with BCS ${\geq}$ 3.00 were more likely pregnant (OR: 1.41) compared with cows having BCS ${\leq}$ 2.75, whereas cows inseminated during summer had a lower OR (0.73) compared with those inseminated during spring. Cows with a calving to AI interval > 150 days were more likely to be pregnant (OR: 1.20) compared with cows with a calving to AI interval ${\leq}$ 150 days. In conclusion, the OR for pregnancy following synchronization protocols in dairy cows was affected by farm, parity, BCS, calving to AI interval of the cow, and AI season, and there was a significant interaction between cow parity and synchronization protocols; the OR for pregnancy was lower for multiparous cows compared with primiparous cows using the PG+EB protocol.