• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2001

This study was conducted to develope an automatic liquid feeder for early weaning piglets and to test the efficacy of the system. The liquid feeder consists of water heating and discharge unit, dry diet storing and discharge unit, mixing and discharge unit, mixed liquid feed-delivering unit, and the central control part which control each unit, feeding frequency and the amount of feeding. For investigating the possibility of practical use, a feeding trial was carried out using eighteen three way crossbred piglets weaned on 19 days of age for the experimental period of six weeks. Experimental diet was provided in liquid form using the automatic liquid feeder for the first three weeks and in dry form for the later three weeks. The water heating and discharge unit exactly supplied warm water by 27 $m\ell$/s, into the mixing unit. The dry diet storing and discharge unit supplied dry feed by 3.7g/s, into the mixing unit. Being compared with the standard growth rate suggested by NRC, average daily gain of the piglets during the first three weeks of liquid feeding was lower by 10%, while it was higher during three weeks of dry feeding and over the whole experimental period by 24 and 17%, respectively. Feed/gain was 1.09, 2.14 and 1.89 for the first 3 weeks, later 3 weeks, and whole period, respectively. Diarrhea was observed for three days from day 3 to day 7 after feeding liquid diet, but no pig died of it. In conclusion, a preliminary test for the newly developed an automatic liquid feeder using 19 days of age weaning piglets showed that the unit was successfully operated without any major problems. Piglets raised on a liquid diet through the unit developed grew less during the first three weeks, but their growth and feed intake were greatly improved thereafter, indicating the developed automatic liquid feeder may be practically used in swine industry.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.512-519
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• 2012

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of macsumsuk and herb resources on the performances and meat quality of broiler chickens. Six hundreds (600) broiler chickens were randomly allocated into four groups (4 groups${\times}$50 chickens/group${\times}$3 replica), Control, Treatment 1 (T1; 0.3% macsumsuk), Treatment 2 (T2; 0.3% herb resources), and Treatment 3 (T3; 0.3% macsumsuk + 0.3% herb resources) and fed for 5 wk. T2 group showed higher total body weight gain and average daily gain of 1,812.5 g and 51.79 g, respectively, than the other groups. Control group showed the highest (p<0.05) mortality (8%) and total blood cholesterol (111.8 mg/dL) among experimental groups. T3 group (6.71 mg/dL) showed the highest (p<0.05) while control group (4.50 mg/dL) showed the lowest (p<0.05) in blood IgG levels. Cooking loss was 17.08, 16.14, 16.55, and 15.25%, shear force value was 1.91, 1.52, 1.55, and 1.47 $kg/cm^2$, and water holding capacity (WHC) was 54.40, 55.97, 56.01, and 55.70% for Control, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Cholesterol contents in breast meat of Control (88.91 mg/100 g) chickens showed the highest (p<0.05) levels comparing to either T1 (83.59 mg/dL), T2 (82.41 mg/dL), or T3 (80.81 mg/dL) chickens. In conclusion, the current study implies that feeding macsumsuk and herb resources to broiler chickens could decrease cholesterol contents in breast meat.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.100-111
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• 1983

The research results reported herein had the objectives to understand and analyze the present problems of saemaeul woodland joint cattle grazing system in Kang Won Do and to take steps of improvement. The study results on actual management conditions, problems analyzed and improvement plan of total 208 joint cattle grazing area which was established 105 area in 1981 and 103 area in 1982 were summarized as follows: 1. the effectiveness of joint cattle grazing projects 1) Average daily weight gain of cattle during joint cattle grazing period was 0.4kg, showing higher daily than the conventional feeding of 0.33kg. 2) Increase of total farm income over the conventional feeding system were \1,031,357,320 during the grazing period from May to October in 1982 by adapting the 208 joint cattle grazing system, of which effectiveness of weight gain was \293,075,300 and labor saving was \543,838,750. 3) According to the results of questionaire investigation from 208 joint cattle grazing area, effectiveness of joint cattle grazing system over the conventional system were (1) labor saving, (2) feed cost saving, (3) reduced diseases, (4) increase of number of feeding, (5) inspiration of joint endeavor, (6) effect of more gain, (7) easiness of feeding and feed cost savings. 2. Problems of joint cattle grazing system. 1) Shortages of grass were a problem at second year of joint cattle grazing period due to the low regrowth rate of wild grass. 2) Proper land for woodland joint cattle grazing is belonging to land of Government ownership and it is very hard to get the permission from office of forestry for cattle grazing purpose. 3) It is also difficult to find a proper time of breeding in grazing area by the difficulty of estrus detection. 4) There are a difficulty to give a proper vaccination and medical examination for the grazing cattle. 3. Improvement plans for woodland joint cattle grazing projects. 1) Obtain sufficient roughages by hoof cultivation and oversowing pasture from the second year of joint cattle grazing period. 2) In order to increase the beef production and to use for a calf production area, Government should arrange that all proper grazing land of Government owned in Kang Won Do convert into woodland joint cattle grazing area. 3) Make a good reproductive record by mixed grazing with a excellent breeding cow in a remote area. And carry out the collective artificial insemination with synchronous puberty induced by injection of puberty stimulation hormone. 4) Make a preventive injection for blackleg, twice medication of fasciola hepatica in a year, and spray and medication of tick insecticide. 4. A policy towards upbringing of woodland joint cattle grazing area. 1) Government should thoroughly investigate about a proper land for woodland joint cattle grazing from all forests. 2) When the area is suitable for the woodland joint cattle grazing, though it is national forest or restricted area, government should make it possible to establish a grazing area. 3) On the proper land foe joint cattle grazing in the remote place, Government should support for the road construction and electric fence equipments by using of national funds. 4) There should be an administrative consideration for well promotion of the project that make woodland joint cattle grazing suitable to the characteristics of Kang Won Do. 5) In order to improve the reproduction record, Government should reform the insufficiency of artificial insemination in the joint cattle grazing area. 6) In order to maintain a proper price of cow, Government should carry out the price plan. 7) When there is any request for grassland formation in the woodland joint cattle grazing area, Government should permit it with preference.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.239-250
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study was obtaining data on the efficacy and safety of risperidone in child and adolescent psychiatric patients. Method : Thirty one children and adolescents (males n=18, females n=13, age ranged from 5.4 to 17.3 years) treated with risperidone were selected among child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients of Seoul National University Hospital from January, 2001 to June, 2002, and charts for them were reviewed retrospectively. Results : The primary psychiatric disorders treated with risperidone were schizophrenia and other psychosis, bipolar I disorder with psychotic features, Tourette's disorder, autism spectrum disorders, mixed receptive and expressive language disorder, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. twelve of these had comorbid mental retardation. Primary target symptoms of risperidone were psychotic symptoms (n=13 or $41.9\%$), behavioral symptoms (n=10 or $32.3\%$) including aggression, impulsivity, hyperactivity, stereotypy nonresponsive to other psychiatric treatments, and chronic and severe tics (n=8, $25.8\%$). The efficacy of risperidone was measured by clinical global improvement (CGI) for target symptoms, $67.7\%$ of subjects showed moderate or marked improvements and its therapeutic effect appeared to be maintained during at least 7.5 months. Mean daily dosage of risperidone was $0.05{\pm}0.01mg/kg$, the group with psychotic symptoms had significantly higher mean daily dosage (0.07mg/kg) compared with other two groups (0.04mg/kg) with behavioral symptoms or tics. A variety of adverse events were reported in this study : weight gain (n=23) most commonly reported, extrapyramidal symptoms (n=15), autonomic symptoms (n=6), sedation (n=5) and symptoms related to hyperprolactinemia (n=2) etc. Although there was no drug change related to the adverse events of risperidone, and $90\%$ of subjects at their last visits were maintained on it, thus its tolerability appeared good. Conclusions Results suggest that risperidone may be relatively safe and effective drug in managing a wide variety of child and adolescent psychopathologies such as psychotic symptoms, behavioral symptoms including aggression, impulsivity, hyperactivity and stereotypy nonresponsive to other psychiatric treatments, and chronic and severe tics. Controlled and long-term studies of efficacy and safety of risperidone treatment for children and adolescents are recommended in the future.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.322-331
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• 2002

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of vitamin $B_{6}$ intake by normal term delivery pregnant women on the concentration of vitamin $B_{6}$ in the material plasma, the umbilical cord plasma, and the placental tissue. Dietary intake data were obtained from a semi-quantitative frequency questionnaire. The daily mean energy and protein intakes were 2189.5 kcal (93.2% of RDA) and 79.3 g (113.3% of RDA), respectively. The average daily vitamin $B_{6}$ intake was 1.7 mg (91.4% of RDA) for the pregnant women. Their main sources of vitamin $B_{6}$ were cereal & starch (50%), and vegetables & fruits (33%). The pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) concentration of the maternal plasma, the umbilical cord plasma, and the placenta were 16.7 $\pm$ 4.1 nmol/1, 61.3 $\pm$ 19.8 nmol/l and 898.6 $\pm$ 159.2 ng/g, respectively. The PLP level was the highest in the placenta. The PLP level of the maternal plasma was significantly lower than the of the umbilical cord plasma (p < 0.001). The PLP level of maternal plasma correlated positively with that of the placenta (p < 0.0001) and the umbilical cord plasma (p < 0.05). Also the PLP level of the placenta correlated positively with that of the umbilical cord plasma (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that the vitamin $B_{6}$ nutritional status of the fetus is affected by placental vitamin $B_{6}$ levels, and that the placental vitamin B$_{6}$ levels reflect the maternal vitamin $B_{6}$ status. The umbilical cord plasma PLP level showed a positive correlation with the gestational length (p < 0.05). A negative association was observed between the PLP level showed of the umbilical cord plasma and the pregnancy weight gain (p < 0.03). The results suggest that the transfer of PLP from maternal plasma to the placental tissue could be an active transport, white the transfer of PLP from the placenta to the fetus is by means of simple diffusion. Thus, neonatal vitamin $B_{6}$ nutrition is influenced by the maternal nutritional status.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1576-1582
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of administration of calcium supplementary food containing fermented product of Bacillus subtilis SE4 highly producing poly-$\gamma$-glutamic acid on the growthparameters of adolescent male rats. Four-week old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed for 4 weeks and assigned to the following 4 groups: two groups administered orally with new calcium supplementary food (such as 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) containing fermented product of B. subtilis SE4, one group administered with conventional calcium supplementary food product (150 mg/kg) and one saline group as control. Daily weight gain and daily food intake in the two new food product groups were higher than those of conventional food product group and control group. Especially, the content of serum IGF-I in the two new food product groups were significantly higher than those in conventional food product group and in control group (p<0.05). In addition, length and weight of longitudinal bone in the two new food product groups were longer and heavier than those of conventional food product group and control group. Therefore, the addition of fermented food product of B. subtilis SE4 into the conventional calcium supplementary food increased all the parameters examined for the growth of the adolescent male rats.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.341-350
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• 2008

This trial was conducted to investigate effects of different feeding types of conventional or total mixed rations (TMR) provision on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention and blood metabolite characteristics in different breeds of native and cross bred Korean black goats. Ten Korean native male goats and 10 Korean crossbred black male goats (Korean native $\times$ Australian feral crossbred, 50:50), average 18 kg of BW, were used in this trial, and each breed of Korean black goats was separated into conventional and TMR diets treatments in a randomized complete block design. Conventional diet was based on forages and commercial diet. All animals were housed in individual metabolism crates and were fed ad libitum. Water was available at all times. Experimental period totally lasted for 38 days, consisting of 14 days of adaptation, 10 days of preliminary period and 14 days of sample collection period. Daily dry matter intake was significantly (p<0.05) higher in TMR treatments of the crossbred goats. Within breeds, crossbred rather than native-bred consumed more highly, and within the feeding type, TMR diets were more fed in comparison with conventional diet. Average daily gain ranked the highest in crossbred : TMR, followed by crossbred: conventional diet, native-bred: TMR, and native-bred: conventional diet (p<0.05). Dry matter digestibility was significantly (p<0.05) higher for TMR than for conventional diets, and it was higher in crossbred than in native-bred Korea black goats. Nitrogen retention was highest in TMR treatments of crossbreed, whereas it was lowest in conventional diet of native breed (p<0.05). Plasma glucose and urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher in crossbred than in native-bred Korean black goats. Overall, the results indicated that feeding total mixed ration to crossbred rather than native-bred Korean black goats had more favourable influences on their performances, intakes, digestibility, nitrogen retention and blood metabolite characteristics. In conclusion, it is conceived that the results may contribute to economical benefit to farms producing Korean black goats together with establishment of an efficient feeding management system.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the effects of probiotics supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, occurrence of diarrhea and immune response in weaning pigs. Treatments were 1) NC (basal diet), 2) PC (basal diet + 0.12% avilamycin) and 3) A (basal diet + 0.2% Aspergillus oryzae), 4) B (basal diet + 0.2% Lactobacillus casei), 5) C (basal diet + 0.2% Bacillus subtilis), 6) D (basal diet + 0.2% Lactobacillus crispatus). A total of 120 pigs ($7.16\pm0.01$ kg average body weight, weaned at $23\pm3$days of age) were assigned to 6 treatments, 5 replicates and 4 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. During the whole experimental period, body weight (P<0.01), average daily gain (ADG; P<0.01), and average daily feed intake (ADFI; P<0.05) of treatment PC were higher than other treatments. However, the probiotics treatments tended to increase ADG and G:F ratio compared to treatment NC. The G:F ratio in treatment A (Aspergillus oryzae) was similar to treatment PC during the whole experimental period (P<0.05). The supplementation of probiotics in the diet of weaning pig did not change nutrient digestibility (dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and ash) and nitrogen retention of weaning pigs. In blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration, treatment B had lower value than other treatments at 2 and 4 weeks (P<0.05). Treatments PC and C tended to decrease diarrhea score than other treatments (P=0.18). At 3h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, treatments NC and PC had higher count of $CD^{4+}$ T-cells than probiotics treatments, and treatment C showed the lowest value (P<0.01). There were no differences on count of $CD^{8+}$ T-cells and $CD^{4+}:CD^{8+}$ ratio among all treatments (P>0.10). These results suggest that the dietary probiotics are likely able to improve the growth performance, occurrence of diarrhea and immune response although they do not have similar effects like antibiotics in weaning pigs.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2010

This experiment was carried out to estimate the nutritive value of mixed-sowing winter forage crop and whole crop barley by investigating the effects of feeding mixed-sowing winter forage crop and whole crop barley in KBG (Korean black goat) on feed intake, average daily body weight gain, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention. The 12 male KBG were divided into four experimental groups - i.e. T1: barley silage added group, T2: mixed-sowing hairy vetch silage added group, T3: mixed-sowing field peas added silage, T4: mixed-sowing Italian rye grass added silage group. Three KBG per each treatment were allotted into individual metabolic cages by Latin-square design. The results from this study are as follow. The DMI (dry matter intake) and organic matter intake in T4 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in T1 and T3 and crude protein intake in T4 also recorded the highest among treatments (p<0.05). The highest values in intakes of ADF and NDF were observed in T4 followed by T2, T1 and T3 in order. The average daily body weight gains in T4 and T2 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in TI and T3. The dry and organic matter digestibility in T2 and T4 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in T1 and T3. The crude protein digestibility in T1 was significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in T2 and T4. The nitrogen intakes in T2 and T4 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in T3. The results obtained from this study suggested that the feeds supplemented with whole crop barley with hairy vetch and Italian rye grass mixture silage increased KBG productivity resulted from increases in feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 1979

In order to evaluate the effect of lipids on the utilization of the energy and Protein of the diet, the isocaloric and isoprotein diets added with mutton fat, tallow, and lecithin at the levels of two percent and five percent were prepared. The growth of chicken and the feed efficiency were observed on hatched chicken which were fed a commercial diet for the first week, with starters for the next four weeks, and with finisher diets for the last three weeks respectively during the eight weeks of the experiment. Growth rate, feed efficiency, and average body weight gain per day were similar among the chicken fed diets containing various lipids or at the levels of two percent and five percent. The metabolizable energy of the diets was found to be from 2.713kcal to 3.059kcal per gram, and the metabolizability of the gross energy was from 62 percent to 70 percent. Also the metabolizability of basal diet was higher as compared with the diets containing lipids. And the lower energy utilization was found in the broilers fed diets containing five percent lipids than those of two percent, showing not significant difference between them. Daily metabolizable energy of three week old birds ranged from 132kca1 to 168kcal which resulted in also a tendency of lower values in the five percent diets. And daily retained nitrogen of birds ranged from 0.631 gr to 0.738 gr, which showed an increasing tendency on the birds fed five percent mutton fat and tallow in comparison with those of two percent. But the lecithin brought about a reverse tendency. The digestibility of crude fats was found to be from 48 percent to 76 percent, but not significant difference among diets plus lipids or at the levels of two percent and five percent. The birds fed five percent mutton fat and tallow showed a tendency of lower digestibility as. compared with those fed two percent, but the similar results were found between two percent and five percent lecithin fed to the birds. Then, it was tentatively concluded that the effect of the mutton fat on the energy and protein utilization was similar to tallow but resulted different tendency with lecithin.