• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.15 no.6 s.73
• /
• pp.968-971
• /
• 2005

The Melanocortin-4 receptor gene (MC4R) regulates the energy balance and the genetic basis of obesity. A polymorphism in the porcine melanocortin-4 receptor has previously shown to be associated with growth, fat deposition and feed intake. In this study, the polymorphism of the gene was studied in several pig breeds of Duroc, Landrace, Berkshire, and Yorkshire. The results showed that the frequencies of MC4R genotype varied among those breeds. Association analyses were also performed between the MC4R polymorphism and average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, backfat thickness and lean percentage phenotypes. The results strongly support that the MC4R polymorphism can be used DNA marker selection indicator for economically important traits for pig breeding program in Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.159-166
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to examine the effect of IgY supplementation on growth performance, blood metabolism, and disease occurrence in the weaned calves at 3 or 4 month of age. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed intakes were not affected by IgY supplementation, regardless of weaning months. White blood cell (WBC) count of the control group was higher in the final stage than in the initial stage (p<0.05), while that of the IgY supplemented group was lower in the final stage compared to the initial stage (p<0.05). regardless of treatments. Hematocrit (HCT) and red blood cell (RBC) counts were lower in the final stage than in the initial stage (p<0.05), but mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) counts were higher in the final stage than in the initial stage, regardless of treatments. In the control group, concentrations of albumin and globulin were higher in the final stage compared to the initial stage in the weaned calves at 3 month of age (p<0.05), and concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was increased in the IgY supplemented group. In the control group, concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma (${\gamma}$)-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were higher in the final stage compared to the initial stage (p<0.05). In contrast, concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma(${\gamma}$)-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were lower in the final stage compared to the initial stage for the IgY supplemented group. A diarrhea calf was only found in the control group. Manure score was higher in the control group compared to IgY supplemented group (p<0.05). Thus, these results indicates that IgY supplementation had positive effects on some blood metabolites, fecal condition score and diarrhea without negative effect on growth performance of the weaned Hanwoo calves.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the feeding effects of total mixed fermentations (TMF) with spent mushroom (Flammuliua velutipes) and wet brewer's grain on estimating the productivity and nutrient utilization of Korean black goats. Four experimental groups were set up with each of the 5 animals for a 30-day feeding trial on growth performance. 12 black goats with regard to nutrient digestibility were allocated to 4 groups of 3 animals each by a latin-square design control group (offered concentrate and rice straw) and 3 treatment groups (TMF with 15% spent mushroom and 25% wet brewer's grain (T1), 10, 30% (T2) and 5, 35% (T3)). The average daily gain (ADG) of the control and T1 treatment groups was higher than that of the T3 treatment group (p<0.05). Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intake (kg/head) for T1 and T2 treatment groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (p<0.05). The digestibility of DM and OM for the control group (62.39~63.39%) and the T1 treatment group (65.02~65.25%) were significantly higher than those of the T3 treatment group (56.39, 59.01%) (p<0.05). Further, nitrogen retention was significantly higher in the T1 treatment group (p<0.05). Thus, these results conveyed that productivity and nutrient utilization were similar between TMF with spent mushroom and wet brewer's grain and commercial feeds. However, this study also suggested that feed must contain 25~30% spent mushroom due to the fact that the productivity of Korean black goats was decreased by increasing the content of spent mushroom.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.79-84
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of oral administering kefir on blood glucose levels in diabetic mice. Kefir($10\;m\ell/kg$ body weight) was orally administered to diabetic mice twice daily for 45 days. Diabetic mice fed saline or 10% skim milk were used as a control. No significant difference in feed intake and weight gain were observed among the treatments. Compared to the saline-fed or skim milk-fed group, blood glucose in the kefir-fed group decreased significantly at 45 days(p<0.05). At 45 days, serum triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations in diabetic mice fed kefir decreased significantly compared to those of the saline and skim milk groups(p<0.05). Both high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein concentrations were not significantly different among the three treatment groups. In conclusion, the symptoms of diabetic mice improved when kefir was fed for >45 days.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.426-432
• /
• 1991

To investigate the effect of the unsaturated plant oil on the normal liver and lipid metabalism rats were fed the daily dose of 1.57ml/kg body weight of perilla oil (Iodine value 190~207), corn oil (Iodine value 115~130) and olive oil (Iodine value 80~85) respectively for 28 days. The results were as follows. For the 14 days the test groups showed normal weight gain with 7.86~20.89% increase rate. In the period of the 3rd and the 4th week the increase rate of the perilla oil group was decreased significantly under 17.53~13.8% of control level, but the remainders(corn oil, olive oil) keep normal. The feeding of corn and olive oil for 28 days did show any harmful effect on normal GOT, GPT activity, ALK-P, serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride value of rat. The perilla oil feeding for 21~28 days slightly increased the GOT, GPT activity as 174.87, 93.46u but decreased the cholesterol and triglycerids value as 54.6~0.36mg/dl compared to control. In the pathological finding of test group liver some rats in 28 days feeding group showed reactive vesicula nuclei in corn oil group and mild fatty metamorphosis in olive oil group. But most subjects did not show any characterized sign of acute or subacute liver damage.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.57-63
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for productive traits in Duroc breed. In this study, 40,657 records for productive traits and the pedigree data of 47,974 families were collected from 41 farms registered at the Korean Animal Improvement Association (KAIA) from 2004 to 2011. The REMLf90 program was used to analyze a multiple traits animal model with fixed effects of sex, contemporary group, parity and age at the end of the test as covariate and random effects of animal and residual error. The heritabilities of days to 90 kg (D90KG), average daily gain (ADG), backfat thickness (BF) and eye muscle areas (EMA) were estimated to be 0.334, 0.340, 0.335, and 0.200, respectively. The genetic correlation coefficients were -0.992 between D90KG and ADG, -0.142 between ADG and BF, -0.361 between ADG and EMA, and -0.243 between BF and EMA. Conversely, positive genetic correlations for D90KG with BF and EMA were 0.13 and 0.36, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.11
• /
• pp.1734-1744
• /
• 2019

Objective: In this study, two glycosidases (XMosidases), ${\beta}$-xylosidase and ${\beta}$-mannosidase, were investigated on their in vitro hydrolysis activities of feed and on the improvement of growth performance in vivo in weanling pigs. Methods: Enzyme activities of XMosidases in vitro were evaluated in test tubes and simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion, respectively, in the presence of NSPase. In vivo study was performed in 108 weaned piglets in a 28-d treatment. Pigs were allotted to one of three dietary treatments with six replicate pens in each treatment. The three treatment groups were as follows: i) Control (basal diet); ii) CE (basal diets+CE); iii) CE-Xmosidases (basal diets+ CE+${\beta}$-xylosidase at 800 U/kg and ${\beta}$-mannosidase at 40 U/kg). CE was complex enzymes (amylase, protease, xylanase, and mannanase). Results: In vitro XMosidases displayed significant activities on hydrolysis of corn and soybean meal in the presence of non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes (xylanase and ${\beta}$-mannanase). In vitro simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion by XMosidases showed XMosidases achieved $67.89%{\pm}0.22%$ of dry matter digestibility and $63.12%{\pm}0.21%$ of energy digestibility at $40^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs. In weanling pigs, additional XMosidases to CE in feed improved average daily gain, feed conversion rate (p<0.05), and apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (p = 0.01) and dry matter (p = 0.02). XMosidases also altered the gut bacterial diversity and composition by increasing the proportion of beneficial bacteria. Conclusion: Addition of a complex enzyme supplementation (contained xylanase, ${\beta}$-mannanase, protease and amylase), XMosidases (${\beta}$-xylosidase and ${\beta}$-mannosidase) can further improve the growth performance and nutrient digestion of young pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.12
• /
• pp.1836-1843
• /
• 2019

Objective: Social genetic effects (SGE) are an important genetic component for growth, group productivity, and welfare in pigs. The present study was conducted to evaluate i) the feasibility of the single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) approach with the inclusion of SGE in the model in pigs, and ii) the changes in the contribution of heritable SGE to the phenotypic variance with different scaling ${\omega}$ constants for genomic relationships. Methods: The dataset included performance tested growth rate records (average daily gain) from 13,166 and 21,762 pigs Landrace (LR) and Yorkshire (YS), respectively. A total of 1,041 (LR) and 964 (YS) pigs were genotyped using the Illumina PorcineSNP60 v2 BeadChip panel. With the BLUPF90 software package, genetic parameters were estimated using a modified animal model for competitive traits. Giving a fixed weight to pedigree relationships (${\tau}:1$), several weights (${\omega}_{xx}$, 0.1 to 1.0; with a 0.1 interval) were scaled with the genomic relationship for best model fit with Akaike information criterion (AIC). Results: The genetic variances and total heritability estimates ($T^2$) were mostly higher with ssGBLUP than in the pedigree-based analysis. The model AIC value increased with any level of ${\omega}$ other than 0.6 and 0.5 in LR and YS, respectively, indicating the worse fit of those models. The theoretical accuracies of direct and social breeding value were increased by decreasing ${\omega}$ in both breeds, indicating the better accuracy of ${\omega}_{0.1}$ models. Therefore, the optimal values of ${\omega}$ to minimize AIC and to increase theoretical accuracy were 0.6 in LR and 0.5 in YS. Conclusion: In conclusion, single-step ssGBLUP model fitting SGE showed significant improvement in accuracy compared with the pedigree-based analysis method; therefore, it could be implemented in a pig population for genomic selection based on SGE, especially in South Korean populations, with appropriate further adjustment of tuning parameters for relationship matrices.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.29 no.10
• /
• pp.1644-1655
• /
• 2019

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) have been employed to improve the intestinal development of weaned animals. The goal of this study was to determine whether either exogenous S. cerevisiae or GLP-2 elicits major effects on fecal microbiotas and cytokine responses in weaned piglets. Ninety-six piglets weaned at 26 days were assigned to one of four groups: 1) Basal diet (Control), 2) empty vector-harboring S. cerevisiae (EV-SC), 3) GLP-2-expressing S. cerevisiae (GLP2-SC), and 4) recombinant human GLP-2 (rh-GLP2). At the start of the post-weaning period (day 0), and at day 28, fecal samples were collected to assess the bacterial communities via sequencing the V1-V2 region of the 16S-rRNA gene, and piglets' blood was also sampled to measure cytokine responses (i.e., IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IFN-${\gamma}$). This study revealed that, on the one hand, although S. cerevisiae supplementation did not significantly alter the growth of weaned piglets, it induced increases in the relative abundances of two core genera (Ruminococcaceae_norank and Erysipelotrichaceae_norank) and decreases in the relative abundances of two other core genera (Lachnospiraceae_norank and Clostridiale_norank) and cytokine levels (IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$) (p < 0.05, Control vs EV-SC; p < 0.05, rh-GLP2 vs GLP2-SC). On the other hand, GLP-2 supplementation had no significant influence on fecal bacterial communities and cytokine levels, but it produced better body weight and average daily gain (p < 0.05, Control vs EV-SC; p < 0.05, rh-GLP2 vs GLP2-SC). Therefore, altered fecal microbiotas and cytokine response effects in weaned piglets were due to S. cerevisiae rather than GLP-2.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.63 no.4
• /
• pp.827-840
• /
• 2021

Several studies have focused on Ca and P requirements for pigs. These requirements are estimated from their retention and bone formation. However, modern pig breeds have different responses to dietary Ca and P than traditional breeds, and their requirements are expected to change on an annual basis. Besides individual Ca and P needs, the Ca to P ratio (Ca/P) is an important factor in determining requirements. This study aimed to implement a linear and quadratic regression analysis to estimate Ca and P requirements based on average daily gain (ADG), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca (ATTD-Ca), ATTD of P (ATTD-P), and crude protein (CP) digestibility. Results show that Ca/P had linear and quadratic effects on ADG in the phytase-supplemented (PS) group in both the 6-11 kg and 11-25 kg categories. In the latter category, the CP digestibility was linearly increased in response to increasing Ca/P in the without-phytase (WP) group. In the 25-50 kg category, there was a linear response of ADG and linear and quadratic responses of CP digestibility to Ca/P in the PS group, while a linear and quadratic increase in CP digestibility and a quadratic effect on ATTD-Ca were observed in the WP group. In the 50-75 kg category, Ca/P had significant quadratic effects on ADG in the PS and WP groups, along with significant linear and quadratic effects on ATTD-Ca. In addition, Ca/P had significant quadratic effects on ATTD-P and led to a significant linear and quadratic increase in the CP digestibility in the WP group. In the 75-100 kg category, analysis showed a significant decrease in ATTD-Ca and ATTD-P in the PS and WP groups; in the latter, ATTD-P and ATTD-Ca were linearly decreased by increasing Ca/P. In conclusion, our equations predicted a higher Ca/P in the 6-25 kg bodyweight categories and a lower Ca/P in the 50-100 kg category than that recommended in the literature.