• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.183-192
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• 2018

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-induced psychiatric disorder characterized by impaired fear extermination, hyperarousal, anxiety, depression, and amnesic symptoms that may involve the release of monoamines in the fear circuit. The present study measured several anxiety-related behavioral responses to examine the effects of berberine (BER) on symptoms of anxiety in rats after single prolonged stress (SPS) exposure, and to determine if BER reversed the dopamine (DA) dysfunction. Rats received BER (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, once daily) for 14 days after SPS exposure. BER administration significantly increased the time spent in the open arms and reduced grooming behavior during the elevated plus maze test, and increased the time spent in the central zone and the number of central zone crossings in the open field test. BER restored neurochemical abnormalities and the SPS-induced decrease in DA tissue levels in the hippocampus and striatum. The increased DA concentration during BER treatment may partly be attributed to mRNA expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and the DA transporter in the hippocampus, while BER exerted no significant effects on vesicular monoamine transporter mRNA expression in the hippocampus of rats with PTSD. These results suggest that BER had anxiolytic-like effects on behavioral and biochemical measures associated with anxiety. These findings support a role for reduced anxiety altered DAergic transmission and reduced anxiety in rats with PTSD. Thus, BER may be a useful agent to treat or alleviate psychiatric disorders like those observed in patients with PTSD.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.384-390
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• 2004

Polyphenol oxidase-catalyzed oxidation of substrates (t-butylcatechol, 4-methylcatechol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and pyrocatechol) were performed in the Ph range 4~8. Co ncentrations of substrate's major oxidation products were monitored by high performance liquid chromatograph. The nature and amounts of products formed were highly pH dependent. They also were ifluenced by kinds of substrates. Major oxidation product of 4-methylcatechol appeared the maxium value at pH 5, them of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and pyrocatechol at pH 6.0 and that of t-butylcatechol at pH 5~7. Time-dependent PPO activity was determined at $4^{\circ}C\;and\;30^{\circ}C$. PPO extracted by phosphate buffer containing triton X-114 (t-PPO) was more stable than PPO by phosphate buffer (b-PPO). The result of electrophoresis, at first PPO was showed only a band at 48 kd. After 1~3 days a partial degrade band was appeared in b-PPO and three partial degrade bands in t-PPO. No activity band was appeared in PPOs at $30^{\circ}C$ and b-PPO at $4^{\circ}C$ after 4 days. And a band (37 kDa) in t-PPO was remained finally and disappered. PPO from Perillae leaves has two activity bands at 48 and 37 kDa in previous paper. It was supposed that PPO in the leaves of Perilla frutescens was a protein having one molecular weight as 48 kDa. And 37 kDa protein, relatively proteolysis-resistant, was a proteolyzed form of a major form.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.780-783
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• 2013

Recently, it has been reported that low molecular weight laminarin had the enhanced biological activities. In this study, molecular structure of low molecular weight laminarin prepared by ionizing irradiation was studied. Low molecular weight laminarin samples of 13.5, 8.5, 7, and 6 kDa were obtained from 15 kDa laminarin by irradiation. From gel permeation chromatography data, low molecular weight laminarin was shown to have low polydispersity. To define the changes of functional groups in laminarin with different molecular weights, Fourier-transform infrared analysis was carried out. There was found no significant changes of functional groups in low molecular weight laminarin, except the increase of carbonyl group. The granular fissures from scanning electron microscopy showed the breakage of glycosidic bond in low molecular weight laminarin. These results could be utilized for the investigation of the enhanced biological activities of low molecular weight polysaccharides including laminarin.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.187-193
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• 2014

Background: White ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is commonly distributed as a health food in food markets. However, there is no practical method for distinguishing Korean white ginseng (KWG) from Chinese white ginseng (CWG), except for relying on the traceability system in the market. Methods: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) was employed to discriminate between KWG and CWG. Results: The origins of white ginsengs in two test sets ($1.0{\mu}L$ and $0.2{\mu}L$ injections) could be successfully discriminated by the OPLS-DA analysis. From OPLS-DA S-plots, KWG exhibited tentative markers derived from ginsenoside Rf and notoginsenoside R3 isomer, whereas CWG exhibited tentative markers derived from ginsenoside Ro and chikusetsusaponin Iva. Conclusion: Results suggest that ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled with OPLS-DA is an efficient tool for identifying the difference between the geographical origins of white ginsengs.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.269-277
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• 2000

When Persicaria thunbergii and Rumex crispus were treated with Cd($NO_3$)$_2$ and Pb($NO_3$)$_2$ of 5 or 10 mM for 5 days, the amount of bioaccumulation of $Pb^{2+}$ in the leaf of P. thunbergii was 2.87-8.08$\mu\textrm{g}$/g and that of $Cd^{2+}$ was 0.82-2.79$\mu\textrm{g}$/g. In the case of P. thunbergii, the concentration of $Pb^{2+}$ in the leaf was higher than that of $Cd^{2+}$. On the other hand, in R. crispus, the concentration of $Cd^{2+}$ and $Pb^{2+}$ were similar as follows ; 1.49$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in $Cd^{2+}$ 5mM, 2.90$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in Cd2+ 10mM, 1.83$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in $Pb^{2+}$ 5mM and 2.73$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in $Pb^{2+}$ 10mM. The remaining rate of heavy metals and the variation of pH in the cultured soil decreased as compared with control (100 % and pH 6.48) after 5 days as follows; to 77.l% and pH 6.39 in $Cd^{2+}$ 5mM, 90.2% and pH 5.79 in $Cd^{2+}$ 10 mM, 81.1% and pH 6.00 in $Pb^{2+}$ 5mM, and 85.7% and pH 5.80 in $Pb^{2+}$ 10 mM. The result of size exclusion chromatography, several phytochelatins were seperated from the extract of the leaf of both plants treated with heavy metals. The molecular mass of these phytochelatins were estimated as follows; in the case of P. thunbergii, about 4,300-8,600 da by $Cd^{2+}$ and about 3,200-9,700 da by $Pb^{2+}$, and in R. crispus, about 4,300 da by $Cd^{2+}$ and about 3,200-7,500 da by $Pb^{2+}$. In addition, $A_{254}$ of these phytochelatins were higher than $A_{280}$. [Phytochelatin, Persicaria thunbergii, Rumex crispus]

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.655-666
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• 2005

This study was performed to measure physicochemical and textural characteristics, and shelf-life effect of low-fat functional sausages(LFFSs) manufactured with sodium lactate(SL, 3.3%), lac pigment and various molecular weights(MWs) of chitosan (Low=1.5 kDa, Med=30-50 kDa and High=200 kDa) during storage at 15$^{\circ}C$ for 18 days. LFFSs had 73.7-76.0% moisture, lower than 3% fat and 14-15% protein, respectively. pH values were 6.05-6.44 and the control(150 ppm, $NaNO_2$) was the lowest among LFFSs (p<0.05). Increasing storage time decreased pH values, but no differences in pH values were observed up to 6 days of storage (p>0.05). LFFSs containing SL and low MW of chitosan improved water holding capacity (WHC) and different from those with SL and medium-MW chitosan. WHC was decreased with increased storage time and differences of WHC were observed from 18 days of storage. The addition of chitosan reduced both lightness and redness values, as compared to 150 ppm sodium nitrite(SN), and increased storage time decreased yellowness(p<0.05), especially at 12 days of storage. LFFSs with SL and medium-MW chitosan increased most textural properties compared to the control(p<0.05). The addition of SN of 150 ppm in LFFSs retarded microbial growth for E. coli 0157:H7, while those with SL tended to have an antimicrobial effect for Listeria monocytogenes(LM). The growth rate of LM was delayed by addition of various MW of chitosans in LFFSs, especially high MW chitosan, as compared to LFFSs containing SL alone. These results indicated that the functional, textural and antimicrobial effects of LFFSs were improved by addition SL and various MW of chitosan combinations. In addition, 0.05% lac pigment improved the cure color of LFFSs similar to those of 150 ppm SN.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09b
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• pp.1015-1016
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• 2006

The microstructures and properties of pure molybdenum wire and $Mo-La_2O_3$ alloy wire annealed at different temperatures are investigated systematically in this paper. It is shown that the recrystallization temperature, toughness and strength at room temperature of this wire was increased greatly by addition of $La_2O_3$. The room temperature embrittlement of this wire annealed at high temperature is improved remarkably.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2002

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of whey protein concentrate-80%(WPC-80) and whey protein isolate(WPI) on the growth of B. bifidum Bb-11. Whey proteins($\alpha$-lactalbumin, $\beta$-lactoglobulin) were digested with trypsin, then their hydrolyzates were separated into three fractions (>10,000Da, 3,000∼10,000Da, <3,000Da) by two-step ultrafiltration process with Centriprep 10 and Centricon-30. These three fractions by molecular weight were evaluate growth-promoting effects for the B. bifidum Bb-11. The results obtained were summarized as follows; The growth rate of B. bifidum Bb-11 tended to increase by supplementation of WPC-80 to basal medium, but decreased by supplementation of WPI. Two whey proteins were hydrolyzed by trypsin at 40$\^{C}$ for 6 hrs, and three fractions were collected by UF treatment and concentrated by Centricon-30. Collected concentrations of protein of F-I and F-II and F-III from $\alpha$-lactalbumin were 11.53mg, 7.79mg, and 5.21 mg and those of protein from $\beta$-lactoglobulin were 4.13mg, 5.30mg, and 9.351mg, respectively. Three fractions of $\alpha$-lactalbumin hydrolyzates promoted the growth rate of B. dbifidum Bb-11. Growth promoting activities of hydrolyzates(F-I and F-II) with molecular weight below 10,000Da were stronger than that of hydrolyzate(F-III) above 10,000Da. However, there was no significant difference between the hydrolyzate F-I and F-II. Three fractions of $\beta$-lactoglobulin hydrolyzates improves the growth rate of B.bifidum Bb-ll. The growth of B.bifidum Bb-ll was decreased after 24 hr incubation by supplementation of either F-II or F-III fraction compared to basal Whey medium, but maintained the enhancement by supplementation of F-I.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.421-426
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• 1997

We evaluated the in vivo kinetics, distribution, and pharmacology of N-(4-[$^{18}F$]fluoromethylbenzyl)spiperone ([$^{18}F$]FMBS), a newly developed derivative of spiperone, as a potentially more selective radiotracer for the dopamine (DA) $D_2$ receptors. Mice received 1.9-3.7 MBq (1.8-3.6 nmol/kg) of [$^{18}F$]FMBS by tail vein injection. The time course and regional distribution of the tracer in brain were assessed. Blocking studies were carried out by intravenously preinjecting DA $D_2$ receptor blockers (spiperone, butaclamol) as well as drugs with high affinity for DA $D_1$ (SCH 23390), DA transporter (GBR 12909), and serotonin $S_2$ ($5-HT_2$) (ketanserin) sites. After injection of the tracer, the radioactivity in striatum increased steadily over time, resulting in a striatal-to-cerebellar ratio of 4.8 at 120 min postinjection. By contrast, the radioactivity in cerebellum, frontal cortex, and remaining cortex washed out rapidly. Preinjection of unlabeled FMBS (1 mg/kg) and spiperone (1 mg/kg) reduced [$^{18}F$]FMBS striatal-to-cerebellar ratio by 41% and 80%, respectively. (+)-Butaclamol (1 mg/kg) blocked 80% of the striatal [$^{18}F$]FMBS binding, while (-)-butaclamol (1 mg/kg) did not. Preinjection of SCH 23390 (1 mg/kg) and GBR 12909 (5 mg/kg) had no significant effect on [$^{18}F$]FMBS binding. Ketanserin (1 mg/kg), a ligand for the $5-HT_2$ receptors, did not cause significant inhibition either in striatum, in frontal cortex, or the remaining cortex. The results demonstrate that [$^{18}F$]FMBS labels DA $D_2$ receptors selectively in vivo in the mouse brain. It may hold promise as a selective radiotracer for studying DA $D_2$ receptors in vivo by PET.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.314-324
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• 2022

This study is aimed to design a membrane process that systematically removes contaminants including microplastics in sun-dried salt using a separation membrane. In this study, we selected the separation membrane material, pore size, and module suitable for the sun-dried salt fields, and proceeded with the experiments under the salt fields and laboratory conditions. A pilot plant was constructed and tested in our lab and in the actual saltern with the selected 200 kDa, 4 kDa ultrafiltration membranes, and 3 kDa nanofiltration membranes. Most of the impurities in the sea salt were 0.1 ㎛ in size, and more than 7 types of various microplastics were detected in the impurities. After that, as a result of checking the filtered water through the separation membrane process, no impurities were detected. As a result of comparing the existing sea salt component and the sea salt component prepared with separation membrane filtrate, impurities were effectively removed without change in the sea salt component.