• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.280-285
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• 2011

As the plants grow in a fixed place, they can be a good indicator which reflects the level of environmental pollution. It is necessary for them to develop a strategy to cope with stress under unfavorable environmental conditions. In this study, spindle trees ($Euonymus$ $japonica$) were collected from a clean area (Kijang) as well as a heavily polluted area (Onsan) to check applicability of irradiation combined with plant bioassay to environmental monitoring. The leaves were irradiated with 0, 50 and 100 Gy of gamma rays, and then evaluated for antioxidative capacity with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and superoxide dismutase (SOD) analysis. The result shows that there was no significant changes in SOD and EDA (Electron Donationg Ability) in the samples collected from a polluted area. In the meanwhile, SOD increased in the samples from a clean area until 6 to 10 hours after irradiation, then it decreased gradually until 24 hours after irradiation. In conclusion, the plants in the polluted area have developed higher resistance to oxidative stress induced by ionizing radiation than those in the relatively clean area. Irradiation combined with plant bioassay on enzymatic activities and free radical scavenging capacity has proven to be a possible tool for biomonitoring the environmental pollution.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1014-1020
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• 2015

This study suggests that fermented rice bran extract contains natural antioxidants. The contents of bioactive materials (e.g., polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids), antioxidative properties (DPPH (α,α'- diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity, Fe reducing, Cu reducing power, peroxidation of linoleic acid and rat hepatocyte microsome) were tested by in vitro experimental models using fermented rice bran (FRB) extract. The concentrations of phenolic compound and flavonoid were 19.92 mg/g and 11.56 mg/g, respectively. In oxidation in vitro models using DPPH free radical scavenging activity, (free radical scavenging activity 69.8%) Fe reducing power and Cu reducing power (effect of dose-dependent manner), Fe²⁺/ascorbate induced linolenic acid peroxidation by ferric thiocyanate and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods (inhibition activity 81%), and autooxidation of rat hepatic microsomes membrane (lipid peroxidation inhibition activity 38%), antioxidative activities were stronger in FRB extract than FRS (Fermented Rice and Soybean, positive control) extract and, these effects were dose-dependent manner. From these results, FRB extract was shown to have the most potent antioxidative properties and contain the highest amounts of antioxidative compounds such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Overall, these results may provide the basic data to understand the antioxidative properties of fermented rice bran for development of functional foods.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1470-1478
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate biological activity and biochemical properties of extracts from Bacillus subtilis-fermented silkworm (Bombyx mori L., SP) powder of different origin (Buan, Namwon, and Boeun). An additional aim was to determine the inhibition of cancer cell (B16-F10, HT-29, LNcaP, and MCF-7) proliferation and nitric oxide (NO) production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Biological activities (${\alpha},{\alpha}^{\prime}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH], free radical scavenging activity, fibrinolytic activity, antiproliferation activity, and anti-inflammatory activity) and biochemical properties (compositional amino acid contents, and mineral contents) were examined in water extracts from silkworm powder and B. subtilis-fermented silkworm powder. The highest amino acid contents were detected in Buan silkworm powder (BU). After fermented, the highest contents were found in B. subtilis-fermented Buan silkworm powder (BBO). The major minerals detected were K, Ca, and Mg. Rates of these minerals, especially those of Na increased after fermented. DPPH radical scavenging activity and fibrinolytic activity were stronger in the fermented group than non-fermented group. DPPH radical scavenging activity and fibrinolytic activity were highest in the extract from BBO. The inhibition activities of LNcaP and MCF-7 cells viability were significantly decreased in the BBO, and there was no inhibition activity in other cancer cells (B16-F10 and HT-29). An SRB assay of the cell viability of RAW 264.7 cells exposed to extracts of silkworm powder and B. subtilis-fermented silkworm powder revealed no toxicity in any of the groups. Compared with the LPS-treated group, the biggest reduction in NO production was detected in the BBO group. Based on these results, extracts from Boeun silkworm powder fermented with B. subtilis could be a candidate material as a dietary supplement for use in healthy functional foods.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제66권
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• pp.503-511
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• 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro antioxidant activities of defatted Camellia japonica L. seeds (DCJS). The DCJS were extracted using ethanol and then fractionated with butanol (BuOH), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), chloroform, and hexane. To evaluate antioxidant activity of extract and fractions from DCJS, we investigated free radical scavenging activities such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS⁺), hydroxyl radical (^•OH), and superoxide anion (O₂^-) radicals. The five extract and fractions of DCJS dose-dependently increased DPPH, ABTS⁺ and O₂^- radical scavenging activities. The BuOH fraction of DCJS showed the highest free radical scavenging activities among other extract and fractions. The contents of total polyphenol and flavonoid in BuOH fraction of DCJS were 23.26 mg GAE/g and 32.39 mg QE/g, respectively. The polyphenol and flavonoids contents of BuOH fraction has highest than other extract and fractions. In addition, BuOH and EtOAc fraction of DCJS contained 102.37 and 165.05 ㎍/g of camelliaside B, respectively. Therefore, DCJS has higher antioxidant activity and may be useful as a natural antioxidant material.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1370-1376
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• 2015

The 1, 1- diphenyl 2-picrylhyorazyl (DPPH) is a well-known radical and a trap (scavenger) for other radicals. Hyaluronidase (HAase) is an enzyme that depolymerizes the polysaccharide hyaluronic acid (HA) in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. Lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme was reported to convert the arachidonic, linoleic and other polyunsaturated fatty acid into biologically active metabolites involved in the inflammatory and immune responses. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate plant extracts as sources of natural antioxidants and to examine whether Achyranthes japonica having significant DPPH, HAase and LOX inhibitory activity. The inhibitory effect of HAase by A. japonica was assayed using a Morgan microplate assay. The antioxidant activity of the A. japonica extracts was measured on the basis of the scavenging activity of the stable 1, 1- diphenyl 2-picrylhyorazyl (DPPH) free radical. DPPH scavenging activity of matured roots of A. japonica was evaluated at 4.0 mg/ml was 87.8% and that of young roots was 86.2% at same concentration. The roots of A. japonica showed maximum inhibition of HAase activity (IC₅₀ = 27.7 μg/ml). The highest LOX inhibition was recorded in the root extract among three vegetative parts. Inhibition of HAase activity of roots may contribute towards the development of herbal medicines. Although percent inhibition of lipoxygenase by Achyranthes japonica for all young and matured groups for leaves, stems, and roots at different concentrations, there were not show a statistically significant difference (p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.139-147
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• 2005

The efficacy of extraction from Inonotus obliquus was examined from the points of antioxidative characteristics and some antioxidative compounds. To enhance the efficient extraction for the effective components from Inonotus obliquus, temperature-stepwise water extraction method was applied. Temperature-stepwise water extracts were prepared for 8 hrs as follows: the first extract at 8$0^{\circ}C$, the second extract from the residue of the first extract at 10$0^{\circ}C$, and the third extract from the residue of the second extract at 12$0^{\circ}C$. Antioxidativeactivities were determined by electron-donating ability of DPPR - free radical, scavenging ability of ABTS$.$$^{+}$radical cation, and by inhibiting ability of linoleic acid autoxidation. In results, the first extract showed the least antioxidant capacity, and the third extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity. The third extract also had the greatest amounts of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Amounts of phenolic compound from each extract were almost proportional to the radical scavenging activities and linoleic acid autoxidation inhibiting ability (r=0.960∼0.980, regression analysis). Furthermore, the effect of the pooled extract of all three extractions of Inonotus obliquus on the lipid peroxidation reacted with active oxygen species (KO$_2$, $H_2O$$_2$, $.$OH) and metals (Fe$^{2+}$, CU$^{2+}$) was evaluated by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The pooled Inonotus obliquus extracts lowered the amounts of TBARS formed by all of the active oxygen species and metals. Especially, these lowering effects were pronounced in the reaction with $.$OH and Fe$^{2+}$. These results suggest that the pooled temperature-stepwise extract from Inonotus obliquus could be potential functional materials to reduce the oxidation of lipids and other compounds induced by free radicals.adicals.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2017

This study investigated the quality characteristics and biological activities of rice germ fermented by Bacillus spp. During the milling process, the contents of rice germ in the rice bran (Control) were adjusted to 30% (RG30) and 70% (RG70). The approximate composition, pH, total acidity, total soluble solid, total sugar, polyphenol and flavonoid contents were measured. DPPH radical scavenging activity, xanthine oxidase (XO) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activities were also determined. We observed that the moisture content decreased after fermentation, while the crude protein was significantly increased. Fermentation remarkably lowered the pH from 5.83~6.26 to 4.77~4.93, thereby elevating the total acidity. Fermentation also increased the total solid contents, from $0.40{\sim}0.87^{\circ}Bx$ to $1.63{\sim}2.20^{\circ}Bx$. The total sugar decreased to 136.81~151.53 mg/mL from 377.56~450.64 mg/mL. Polyphenol contents were the highest in control (0.59 and 0.73 mg/mL before and after fermentation, respectively). Fermentation significantly affected the increase of the polyphenols in both rice germ 30% and 70% samples, from 0.26 and 0.28 mg GAE/g before fermentation, to 0.52 and 0.70 mg GAE/g after fermentation, respectively. There was a slight increase in the flavonoid contents after fermentation. The $IC_{50}$ value of the electron donating ability, as evaluated by the DPPH method, was the lowest in control (3.77 and 3.36 mg/mL before and after fermentation, respectively). Fermentation increased the XO inhibition activity up to 63.69% in control, 49.81% in rice germ 30%, and 59.32% in rice germ 70%. The ACE inhibition activities were also increased in the fermented control, rice germ 30% and 70%, to 40.51%, 22.69% and 33.91%, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.337-344
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• 2019

The free radical scavenging, cytotoxic effects, and flavonoid content of fractions from Lycopus lucidus Turcz leaves were here investigated. The flavonoid contents of 85% methanol (MeOH) and n-butanol (BuOH) fractions of the leaves were 41.5 mg/g and 77.2 mg/g, respectively. In DPPH and ABTs+ assays, 85% MeOH and n-BuOH fractions from the L. lucidus Turcz leaves had a greater scavenging effect (p<0.05). The n-BuOH fraction (0.5 mg/ml concentration) had scavenging effects of 88% and 92% in the DPPH and ABTs+ assays, respectively (p<0.05). Cell viability tests showed that treatment with L. lucidus Turcz leaf fractions caused cytotoxicity in the growth of AGS, HT-29, and HT-1080 cancer cells. Of the different fractions, the 85% MeOH sample displayed the highest cytotoxic activity; the $IC_{50}$ values of this fraction against AGS, HT-1080, and HT-29 cancer cells were 0.03 mg/ml, 0.14 mg/ml, and 0.16 mg/ml, respectively. These biological results indicate that the n-BuOH fraction was more effective in anti-oxidant activity while the 85% MeOH fraction was stronger in cytotoxic effects, and they suggest that these two fractions from L. lucidus Turcz leaves may contain valuable bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.113-117
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• 2000

To analyze the correlation between the rusty root and the antiokidative activity in ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer) roots, the levels of antioxidative activity in various tissues of healthy and rusty roots. The superoxide dismutase activity in rusty roots (126.9 units/mg protein) was approximately 3.5 times higher than that in healthy roots. The catalase activity in rusty roots was approximately 1.6 times higher than that in healthy roots, whereas the peroxidase activity showed a slight low level in msty roots. The 1.1 diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging activity in rusty roots was approximately 2.0 times higher than that in healthy roots. The total ascorbate content in healthy roots was 166~240 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g fr. wt. depending on the tissues. Interestingly, the oxidized dehydroascorbate (DHA) content occupied more than 80% in total ascorbate content. The total ascorbate content in rusty roots was a similar level with healthy roots, but the reduced ascorbate content was 3.5~7.5 times higher than that of the healthy roots. The total glutathione content of the epidermis, cortex and stele tissues in 겨sty roots was 7.3, 4.8, 1.2 times higher than the healthy tissues, respectively. The ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) showed a similar fluctuation of total glutathione content in 겨sty roots. These results indicate that the high antioxidative activity in rusty roots may involve in overcoming the oxidative stress derived from environmental stresses.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• 제35권3호통권138호
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• pp.207-214
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• 2004

This study was investigated antioxidatve activity for the purpose of developing antioxidant from Morus bombycis Koidzumi. Antioxidant activities of four different organs of Morus bombycis Koidzumi such as fruit, leaf, stem, and root were examined by radical scavenging effect with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). 80% methanol extract from the stem showed strongly antioxidative activity and 80% Ethanol extracts from the root, stem, and fruit had high antioxidative activity among 24 samples tested. The 80% ethanol extract has strong absorbency at UVA region (350 nm). The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction exhibited antioxidative activity with $IC_{50}$ of $15.0\;{\mu}g/ml$ similar to those of synthetic antioxidant, BHT The EtOAc fraction has a good absorbency property as synthetic filter. In the absorbance of various extracts, the 80% ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from the root of Morus bombycis Koidzumi showed higher absorbancy at 285 nm. The ethyl acetate fraction from the root of Morus bombycis Koidzumi contained total phenolic compounds of 654.8 mg/100 g. These results indicate that phenolic compounds are the major was biological components in the root of morus bombycis Koidzumi extracts. Considering these biological activities, the extracts of Morus bombycis Koidzumi showed a possibility to be used as a new material for natural anti-oxidants and substitutes for synthetic UV sunscreen agents.