• 환경위생공학
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2008

We examined 165 unchlorinated natural drinking water samples for the presence of E. coli group resistant to antimicrobial agent and chlorine in nothern Gyeongbuk area in 2007. Among 165 water samples, 21 samples(12.7%) were positive to total coliforms and Six genus, 16 strains of E. coli groups isolated from 16 samples showed resistance against more than one antimicrobial agent such as Ampicillin, Tetracycline and Chloroamphenicol. Among 16 strains, 14 strains resistant to Ampicillin, 9 strains resistant to Tetracycline and one strain resistant to Chloroampenicol. but all 16 strains did not contain any integron gene cassettes, which contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance alleles by lateral gene transfer of gene cassettes in a variety of enteric bacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) of 14 strains which showed resistant to Ampicillin was between $12{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $32{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, Nine strains resistant to Tetracycline showed between $32{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $128{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and one strain resistant to Chloroampenicol showed $128{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The chlorine sensitivity of 16 strains isolated from unchlorinated natural water sample did not show any difference among strains by the concentration of initial free chlorine and elapsed time after chlorine treatment. All 16 strains were killed after 1hr. exposure at $0.2mg/m{\ell}$ of free chlorine per liter or 30minutes exposure at $0.4mg/m{\ell}$ of free chlorine per liter.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.472-478
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• 2021

Background: The Legionella case detection and notification rate have increased in public artificial water environments where people visit, including large buildings, public baths, and hospitals. Objectives: In this study, the distribution of Legionella and its epidemiologic characteristics were analyzed in the water systems of public facilities in Chungcheongnam-do Province in South Korea. Methods: Culture and PCR analysis were performed on 2,991 environmental water system samples collected from 2017 to 2019, and associations with year, facilities, seasons, and temperature of water system were statistically analyzed by using R-Studio for Windows. Descriptive data was compared using chi-square tests and independent t-tests. Results: The detection rate of Legionella increased from 3.1% in 2017 to 10.3% in 2019, appearing most frequently in the order of public baths, large-scale buildings, hospitals, and apartments. It was detected mainly in summer from June to August, over 1.0×10³ CFU/L on average in 133 cases (66.5%). Lots of germs were detected in bathtub water, cooling tower water, and warm water (p<0.001), and it was detected at higher rates in the cities where multipurpose facilities were concentrated than in rural areas (p=0.018). Conclusions: This study suggests that continuous monitoring and control are required for Legionella in the water system environment of high risk facilities. Moreover, these results will be helpful to prepare efficient management plans to prevent the Legionellosis that occurs in Chungcheongnam-do Province.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2019

연구목적 : 본 연구는 경상남북도의 국가지정 중요목조문화재 주변 환경에 따라 방재특성이 어떻게 다른지를 파악하고 이를 바탕으로 문화재 주변 환경에 맞는 목조문화재 방재대책을 검토하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 연구를 위해 경상남도와 경상북도에 있는 문화재 지정 현황 및 특성을 파악하고 재난이력을 통하여 경상남도 및 경상북도에 있는 문화재의 피해 현황을 검토하였다. 또한 경상남도와 경상북도에 있는 국가지정 중요목조문화재 58개소를 대상으로 주변 환경에 따라 산악, 농촌, 도시지역으로 나누어 방재특성을 분석하였다. 연구결과 : 도시지역에 위치한 문화재는 안전경비인력의 배치가 적절했고 방재훈련이 잘 이루어지고 있었으며 진입여건은 신속하게 진입할 수 있었다. 농촌지역은 방염사업이 잘 실시되어 있었고 평탄한 곳에 위치한 문화재가 많았다. 산악지역은 진입여건이 타 지역에 좋지 않았으며 과거 재난 발생이력도 가장 많았다. 결론 :첫째, 도시지역의 목조문화재 경우 초기 대응을 위한 자위소방대 배치인력 확보 및 방재교육을 강화해야 한다. 둘째, 농촌지역의 목조문화재 경우 문화재 보호를 위한 방충사업, 방재보험 등의 예방사업을 실시해야 한다. 셋째, 산악지역의 목조문화재 경우 자체적인 대응역량을 강화하기 위한 방안을 마련해야 한다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of associating calcium butyrate with tannin extract, compared to an antimicrobial on the growth performance, incidence of diarrhea, intestinal histology, immune-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in piglets. Methods: Seventy-two piglets (36 barrows and 36 gilts) weaned at 28±2 d and initial body weight of 7.17±1.07 kg were allocated to 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 8 replicates per treatment and 3 animals per experimental unit. Treatments were composed of NC, negative control: basal diet without additives; PC, positive control: basal diet + 40 mg/kg of colistin sulfate; or BT, basal diet + calcium butyrate + tannin extract. The butyrate and tannin inclusion levels were 0.15% in the pre-starter phase and 0.075% in the starter phase. Incidence of diarrhea was monitored daily, and on d 14 and 35 of experiment, 1 animal from each experimental unit was slaughtered to collect intestinal samples. Results: No significant differences were observed for growth performance. The butyrate-and tannin-based additive resulted in reduced (p<0.05) incidence of diarrhea in piglets during d 1 to 14 and d 1 to 35 in comparison with the other treatments. Piglets that consumed the diet containing the calcium-butyrate and tannin showed a lower (p<0.05) crypt depth in the duodenum than those receiving the NC treatment at 14 d of experimentation. The BT treatment provided a lower (p<0.05) immune-expression of COX-2 at 14 d and TNF-α at 35 d in the duodenum. Conclusion: Association between calcium butyrate and tannin extract resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrhea and inflammatory process in the duodenum of piglets. Therefore, calcium-butyrate combined with tannin could be a part of an alternative program to reduce the use of antimicrobials in the diet of weaned piglets.

• 한국국방경영분석학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.53-66
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• 2008

NCW 개념을 구현하기 위해서는 센서격자망(Sensor Grid)과 타격격자망(Shooter Grid)을 네트워크로 연결하는 정보격자망 구축이 핵심이다. 미 국방부는 정보격자망 개념을 국방 전 임무영역을 연결하는 GIG(Global Information Grid, 범세계 정보격자망)개념으로 발전시켰고, 이를 점진적으로 구축하고 있다. 이러한 관점에서 미 국방부 GIG구축 사례는 한국적 GIG 개념을 정립하는데 있어서 참고할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 미 국방부 GIG 구축 동향과 한국군의 GIG 구축 현황을 분석하였고, 이를 근간으로 한국군의 GIG 구축 방향을 제시하였다.

• 대한암한의학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.17-22
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• 2012

Background : Sulfasalazine for treating ulcerative colitis has a clinical limitation due to its adverse effects. This case is about a patient with ulcerative colitis who could not tolerate sulfasalazine and was improved by Do-che decoction-based Korean medicine. Method and Results : Purulent and bloody diarrhea more than 20 times a day, mild fever, chilling and tenesmus were main symptoms of this patient who was diagnosed as ulcerative colitis 10 years ago. Do-che decoction-based Korean medicine which was recommended for purulent and bloody diarrhea in Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam, the classic literature of Traditional Korean Medicine was given to the patient for more than 1 month. After treatment, the frequency of purulent and bloody diarrhea, tenesmus and fever was decreased remarkably, and C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white blood cell count and maximum temperature also dropped to the normal range. Conclusion : Do-che decoction-based Korean medicine has a potential effect and may be a alternative therapeutic option in patients with ulcerative colitis who cannot tolerate sulfasalazine due to its adverse effects.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.85-94
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• 2013

Methane concentrations have been monitored at the Anmyeon-do Observatory, Korea, since 1999. In recent years, the methane concentration has increased, but the sources of this increase have yet to be identified. This study was designed to identify the major source contributing to the increase by using World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG) data and the Greenhouse Gases Emission Presumption (GEP) method. The data were collected at Anmyeon-do between 2003 and 2009 (except 2008), and the analyses showed that the increase in methane concentration originated mainly in rice paddies around the observation point. The annual average methane concentration at Anmyeon-do was 1894 ppb, of which 100-103 ppb (5.3-5.4%) was shown to originate mainly from rice paddies. The seasonal fluctuation in methane concentration from May to October estimated by the GEP method was compared with experimental data of previous research conducted on rice paddies. The close match obtained through this comparison shows that the GEP method is effective. The difference in methane concentration was also analyzed in terms of land use and land cover. It was shown that although rice paddies account for only 14.7% of the area surveyed, they accounted for between 69 and 90% of the total increase in methane concentration. These results confirm that rice paddies are the main source of the increase in methane concentration observed at Anmyeon-do.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.12-22
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• 2005

This study was performed to survey distribution of microorganisms and food-borne pathogenic bacterium in order to estimate microbiological safety in seonsik and saengsik. Total aerobic bacteria was detected over $10^5\;CFU/g$ in raw materials($4.3\%$) and products($35.7\%$) of saengsik. Coliforms were detected over $10^2\;CFU/g$ in seonsik products($27.3\%$) and in raw materials($4.3\%$) and products($35.7\%$) of saengsik. Cl. perfringens was detected in saengsik products($4.8\%$). B. cereus was detected in raw materials($12.5\%$) and products($18.2\%$) of seonsik and raw materials($13.0\%$) and products($23.8\%$) of saengsik. Concentration and detection rate of microorganisms in products were higher than raw materials. These results show some food hygiene problems but do not cause food poisoning because concentration of Clostridium perfringens and B. cereus were lower than $10^5\;CFU/g$.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2005

On the purpose of epidemiological survey relate to food poisoning, a total of 114 samples of different salads collected from fast food Restaurants in Gyeonggi-do were for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. Microbial assessment of salads revealed that TPC($1.1\times10\;\~\;8.4\times10^{5}\;CFU/g$) and coliforms($0\~5.4\times10^{4}\;CFU/g$) exceeded the standards by Solberg et al. ($TPC:10^{5}\;CFU/g,\;coliforms:10^{2}\;CFU/g$). Two pathogenic bacteria were isolated from salad samples, and identified by biochemical methods, including API identification systems. Isolates from PALCAM agar and MYP agar media were in 98.6, $99.8\%$ agreements with Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus at the species level, respectively. All 7 strains of Bacillus cereus isolates produced enterotoxin as revealed with CRET-RPLA.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.55-69
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• 2007

The paper provides the approach to apply formal methods to the development and certification criteria of defense safety/security-critical software. RTCA/DO-178B is recognized as a do facto international standard for airworthiness certification but lack of concrete activities and vagueness of verification/certification criteria have been criticized. In the case of MoD Def Stan 00-55, the guidelines based on formal methods are concrete enough and structured for the defense safety-related software. Also Common Criteria Evaluation Assurance Level includes the strict requirements of formal methods for the certification of high-level security software. By analyzing the problems of DO-178B and comparing it with MoD Def Stan 00-55 and Common Criteria, we identity the important issues In safety and security space. And considering the identified issues, we carry out merging of DO-178B and CC EAL7 on the basis of formal methods. Also the actual case studies for formal methods applications are shown with respect to the verification and reuse of software components.