• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1059-1063
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• 2005

조류(microalgae, from Schizochytrium sp.)로부터 DHA가 풍부하고 이취가 적은 지질을 획득하고 이를 옥수수유와 기질로 이용, Lipozyme IM(from Rhizomucor miehei) 촉매하에 TAG형태로 합성된 재구성지질(SL)을 이용하여, 효소적 glycerolysis반응에 의해 DAG와 MAG함유 기능성 유지를 생성하였다. Normal-phase HPLC 분석 결과, 48시간 동안 합성 된 DAG와 MAG의 함량은 각각 33.6과 $18.7\%$이었으며, 지방산 분석 결과에서 DHA는 각각 10.7과 $8.1 mol\%$의 함량을 보였다. 합성에 있어서 2에서 48시간에 따라 생성되는 DAG와 MAG의 함량 변화를 분석한 결과, 반응 시간 증가에 따라 그 생성량도 증가하는 경향을 보였고, ${\alpha},\;{\gamma}$ 및 $\delta-tocopherol$의 총 함량은 반응시간이 길어질수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.386-393
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• 1997

This experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different dietary lipids on the risk factors of coronary vascular disease(CVD) in ovariectomized rats. female rats of Sprague-Dawley stram were divided into sham-operated(sham) and ovariectomized(ovx) groups and then each group was divided into a beef fallow group, a soy bean oil group and a fish oil group. After 16 weeks of feeding on experimental diets, animals were sacrificed and blood, liver, kidney and perirenal fat pad were obtained. Food intake and weight gain of fish oil group were significantly lower than other dietary lipid groups. food intake and weight gain tended to be higher in ovx groups than in sham groups. The weight Index(g/100g body weight) of liver and kidney was higher in the fish oil group than the other groups and weight index was lower in ovx groups compared to sham groups. The weight of the perirenal fat pad was the highest in the beef tallow group and the lowest in the fish oil group. The fish oil group showed the lowest total cholesterol(TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels in serum. Serum TG levels were lower in all ovx groups than in sham groups, but serum TC levels were not influenced by ovariectomy. fatty acid composition of serum reflects the recent dietary Intake of fat. Linoleic acid content was tile highest in soy bean oil group and eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) contents were the highest in fish oil group. fatty acid composition of adipose tissue, especially EPA and DHA contents in perirenal fat pad, was highest in the fish oil group. Saturated fatty acid(SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA) in serum and adipose tissue did not reflect fatty acid intake. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a lipogenic enzyme, in the blood of the beef tallow and soybean oil groups showed the tendency to be high and that of the fish oil group to be low in ovx. Carnitine acetyltransferase, a lipolytic enzyme, showed the highest activity in the liver of the fish oil group and was least active in the soy bean oil group.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.76-89
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• 2022

The Lophius litulon liver was used as raw material for the extraction of fish oil via various extraction methods. The extraction rate by water extraction, potassium hydroxide (KOH) hydrolysis and protease hydrolysis were compared and the results revealed the protease hydrolysis extraction had a higher extraction rate with good protein-lipid separation as observed by optical microscope. Furthermore, subsequent experiments determined neutrase to be the best hydrolytic enzyme in terms of extraction rate and cost. The extraction conditions of neutrase hydrolysis were optimized by single-factor experiment and response surface analysis, and the optimal extraction rate was 58.40 ± 0.25% with the following conditions: enzyme concentration 2,000 IU/g, extraction time 1.0 h, liquid-solid ratio 1.95:1, extraction temperature 40.5℃ and pH 6.5. The fatty acids composition in fish oil from optimized extraction condition was composed of 19.75% saturated fatty acids and 80.25% unsaturated fatty acids. The content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were 8.06% and 1.19%, respectively, with the ratio (6.77:1) surpassed to the recommendation in current researches (5:1). The results in this study suggest protease treatment is an efficient method for high-quality fish oil extraction from Lophius litulon liver with a satisfactory ratio of DHA and EPA.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.390-402
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• 2022

In this study we investigate physical and chemical characteristics of immature and mature skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) roes in fresh and dried forms. Fresh roes were studied for histological structure and also dried by three methods: hot air drying (HD), vacuum drying (VD) and freeze drying (FD). The obtained roe powders were analysed for proximate composition, color value, fatty acid composition, amino acid profile, equivalent umami concentration (EUC) and protein pattern. Unyolked oocytes were more common in immature roes, while fully yolked oocytes were more common in mature roes. All dried tuna roes contained high content of protein and lipid (69.31%-70.55% and 11.14%-16.02%, respectively). The powders obtained by FD provided the highest lightness value (L^*). The main fatty acid found in all roe powders was docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (23.49%-27.02%). Glutamic acid, leucine, and aspartic acid were the three most abundant amino acids found in the powders (13.58-14.61, 8.06-8.42, and 7.81-8.39 g/100 g of protein, respectively). The mature roe powder obtained from HD provided the highest EUC value (73.09 g monosodium glutamate/100 g of samples). The protein band at molecular weight of 97 kDa (vitelline) represented the major protein. Therefore, dried tuna roe could be a functional ingredient source of protein and lipid rich in DHA and it also has potential to be used as taste enhancer with umami compound.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.771-786
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• 2021

This study was performed to investigate the contents of fat-soluble nutrients (tocopherols, retinol, carotenoids, fatty acids, and cholesterol) and phospholipids (PLs) in seven types (imported SPA, SPS, SFS, and SSI; and domestic MLM, MPM, and NIX) of commercial infant formulas (IFs). The contents of tocopherol and retinol activity equivalent (RAE) in the seven IFs were 1.42 - 3.86 mg α-TE·100 kcal^-1 and 64.90 - 144.95 ㎍ RAE·100 kcal^-1, respectively. The imported IFs contained high contents of lutein + zeaxanthin (29.68 - 32.49 ㎍·100 g^-1) and lycopene (71.80 - 93.28 ㎍·100 g^-1), while the domestic IFs did not contain lycopene. The contents of linoleic acid (C18:2) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3) in the seven IFs were also within the recommended ranges (C18:2, 300 - 1,400 mg·100 kcal^-1 and C18:3, over 50 mg·100 kcal^-1) of Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The ratio of arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) was 2.42 - 2.74 in the imported IFs and 0.96 - 1.08 in the domestic IFs. However, the DHA content of the domestic IFs (0.37 - 0.65 g·100 g^-1 fat%) was much higher than that of the imported IFs (0.16 - 0.18%). Total PL contents were 108.02 - 135.93 mg·100 kcal^-1 for the domestic IFs and 6.05 - 66.70 mg·100 kcal^-1 for the imported IFs. The main PLs of the domestic IFs were phosphatidyl choline (48.5 - 71.1% of total PLs), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (12.8 - 23.1%), phosphatidyl serine (7.0 - 11.6%), and sphingomyelin (4.3 - 21.5%).

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.393-408
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• 2018

본 연구는 클로렐라 건조분말을 산란계의 사료에 첨가해서 계란의 품질과 난황의 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향에 대해서 분석하였다. 시험에 사용한 유기 산란계 사료의 수분함량은 약 12.8%, 회분함량은 10.8%, 조단백질함량은 18.0%, 조지방 함량은 2.5%이었다. 사료에 첨가한 클로렐라분말의 수분함량은 약 1.54%, 회분함량은 6.53%, 조단백질은 54.56%, 조지방 함량은 2.45%이었다. 계란 난각의 색깔은 클로렐라를 급여한 후, 시간의 경과에 따라 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 진해졌다. 파각강도는 클로렐라를 급여한 후, 10일까지 증가하였으며 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 강하였다. 계란 난각의 두께도 클로렐라를 급여한 것이 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 두꺼웠다. 클로렐라 급여한 계란 난백의 높이는 대조구에 비해 높았다. 계란 난백의 품질 기준이 되는 호유닛은 클로렐라를 급여한지 10일 후, 92.0 HU로 대조구(84.8 HU)에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 클로렐라를 급여한 계란 난황의 황색도도 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 진한 황색을 나타내었다. 클로렐라를 급여한 계란의 무게는 급여 15일 후, 대조구에 비해 7.5% 증가하였으며, 단백질함량은 급여 10일과 15일 후, 대조구에 비해 각각 11.9%, 10.7% 증가하였다. 클로렐라 급여에 따른 계란 노른자의 지방산 함량의 변화를 조사한 바, 난황의 주요 지방산 조성은 oleic acid, trans-linoleic acid, palmitic acid, ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid, stearic acid, DHA, EPA, palmitoleic acid, heptadecanoic acid 순으로 나타났다. Palmitoleic acid는 클로렐라를 급여한 처리구가 대조구에 비해 감소하였다. 포화지방산은 클로렐라를 급여한 계란보다 대조구에서 높게 나타났고, 불포화지방산은 대조구보다 클로렐라를 급여한 계란에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 불포화지방산과 포화지방산의 비율은 대조구보다 클로렐라를 급여한 계란이 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 클로렐라 생균분말을 산란계의 사료에 첨가해서 급여할 경우 계란의 품질 향상과 난황의 불포화지방산 함량을 높이는데 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.437-443
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the sorts and the quantity of preservatives in 2,575 samples of 10 kind products which had been sold in the markets from 2004 to 2006. These analyses were done using HPLC. By the result of Investigation, the most frequently detected preservative was sorbic acid in 222 cases. Detection rate of sorbic acid was 8.62%. Dehydroacetic acid (DHA) was detected in 8 cases among 36 butter samples and one of 278 sausage samples. Detection rate of DHA was 0.0035%. In detail, the detection rate was 71.5% (88/123) in dried meat, 22.2% (8/36) in processed butter, 17.3% (48/278) in sausage, 10.4% (17/163) in canned meat etc., 7.9% (49/619) in ham, 7.48% (19/254) in processed cheese and 4% (2/49) in bacon, respectively. The content range of sorbic acid and its average in each of the processed meat and milk products are as follows: $ND{\sim}1.64 g/kg$, 0.26 g/kg in dried meat, $ND{\sim}1.34 g/kg$, 0.114g/kg in sausage, $ND{\sim}0.41g/kg$, 0.015 g/kg in canned meat etc., $ND{\sim}1.37 g/kg$, 0.038g/kg in ham, $ND{\sim}1.63g/kg$, 0.056 g/kg in processed cheese, $ND{\sim}0.57 g/kg$, 0.022 g/kg in bacon, respectively. Amount of detected DHA was less than 0.23 g/kg, and its average was 0.022 g/kg in processed butter.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.18-33
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• 2022

Beef contains functional fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid and longchain fatty acids. This review summarizes results from studies comparing the fatty acid composition of beef from cattle fed either grass or grain-based feed. Since functional lipid components are contributed through dietary consumption of beef, the fatty acid composition is reported on mg/100 g of meat basis rather than on a percentage of total fat basis. Beef from grass-fed contains lesser total fat than that from grain-fed in all breeds of cattle. Reduced total fat content also influences the fatty acid composition of beef. A 100 g beef meat from grass-fed cattle contained 2,773 mg less total saturated fatty acids (SFA) than that from the same amount of grain-fed. Grass-fed also showed a more favorable SFA lipid profile containing less cholesterol-raising fatty acids (C12:0 to C16:0) but contained a lesser amount of cholesterol-lowering C18:0 than grain-fed beef. In terms of essential fatty acids, grass-fed beef showed greater levels of trans-vaccenic acid and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; EPA, DPA, DHA) than grain-fed beef. Grass-fed beef also contains an increased level of total n-3 PUFA which reduced the n-6 to n-3 ratio thus can offer more health benefits than grain-fed. The findings signify that grass-fed beef could exert protective effects against a number of diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular disease (CVD) as evidenced by the increased functional omega-3 PUFA and decreased undesirable SFA. Although grain-fed beef showed lesser EPA, DPA, and DHA, consumers should be aware that greater portions of grain-fed beef could also achieve a similar dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Noteworthy, grain-fed beef contained higher total monounsaturated fatty acid that have beneficial roles in the amelioration of CVD risks than grass-fed beef. In Hanwoo beef, grain-fed showed higher EPA and DHA than grass-fed beef.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.178-185
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• 2003

Content analysis of food advertisements was undertaken to investigate the nature of the messages related to health, nutrition or consumer-promotion in 2001 women's magazines. Advertisements on baby foods were collected from three women's magazines and the final samples obtained were 42 different copies of advertisements. All the messages in each sample were counted and calculated for their frequency (％). Messages were categorized into four areas (health, nutrition, non-nutrition, consumer promotion), and each area was classified into more detailed categories. Results showed that all the messages in 42 samples and average messages per advertisement were 1288 and 30.7, respectively. The most common type of promotional messages was health related (e.g., appeal to enhanced immune function and disease prevention and brain development), followed by consumer related, nutrition and non-nutrition messages in order. Messages about high quality and all natural ingredients were more emphasized in the consumer related category. Messages on fats (DHA, lecithin and arachidonic acid), proteins (neucleotides, taurine) and mineral (calcium, iron) were most frequently found in nutrition category. Amongst the three kinds of baby foods, formula ads had the most numerous messages related to health and nutrition. There were more consumer related messages in the ads of weaning foods, and more promotional messages about no addition of antiseptic, artificial additives, and food colors in the ads for older infant foods. Messages violating regulation (e.g., exaggerated or inaccurate or non-scientific messages) were frequently found in the advertisements of three kinds of baby foods. In conclusion, tighter supervision of food advertisements and nutrition education is required to protect the consumers from misleading advertisements.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.186-192
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• 2000

In this study, total lipid and cholesterol contents and fatty acid composition of colostrum milk obtained from 30 normal mothers, 10 mothers who was delivered of preterm infant and 8 pregnancy induced hypertensive mothers were analyzed. While total cholesterol content in preterm colostrum was significantly lower than other groups (p<0.05), total lipid content was not different among three groups, ranged 2.24-.2.2g/dl. Composition of saturated fatty acide, such as lauric acid and myristic acid which are medium chain fatty acids in preterm milk were higher than those of normal-term and hypertensive mother's milk. There was no difference n total composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the rationh of $\omega$6/$\omega$3 among 3 group mother's colostrum, ranged 19.45-21.45% and 6.42-7.87, respectively. but the composition of arachidonic acid and DHA in colostrum of hypertensive mothers were significantly higher than those of normal and preterm mothers. These data indicates that gestational length and complications during pregnancy may change the lipid profile and fatty acid composition of hyman milk colosstrum.