• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.78-90
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to develop the mathematic algorithm for energy expenditure calculation during cycling as a part of the development of a higher value-added cycle. Participants were 60 university students (male 30, female 30). Energy expenditure was measured with breathing gas at 10 sec intervals by gas analyzer connected with stationary cycle ergometer. Values presented by commercial speedometer and preceding researches were used for verification of actual measurement values in this study. In conclusion, the mathematic algorithms for energy expenditure calculation during cycling were as follows. For male, energy expenditure(Kcal)=5.048×cycling time(min)-2.258, energy expenditure(Kcal)=(0.05×cycling velocity(kph))×(4.750×cycling time(min)+0.091). For female, energy expenditure(Kcal)=4.466×cycling time(min)-1.605, energy expenditure(Kcal)(cycling velocity≤20kph)=(0.05×cycling velocity(kph))×(4.151× cycling time(min)-0.736), energy expenditure(Kcal)(cycling velocity>20kph)=(0.04×cycling velocity(kph)) ×(4.151×cycling time(min) -0.736). And it is suggested that the developed algorithm with cycling time and velocity should be applied for the development of a higher value-added cycle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.617-623
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• 2014

The rapid urbanization in developing countries has caused trasportation problems that need to be solved. For that reason, the study evaluates the potential of cycling in the densely populated part of Kathmandu valley. Slopes and existing roads have been applied as the input cost rasters for finding the shortest cost routes between stations. By taking the average cycling velocity, time to travel from station to destination were compared with the average commuting time in the public transportation. The result comes out as similar time with the public transportation. Although the cycling seems potential replacement for public transportation commuters, in fact, there are some setbacks needed to be supported by the government to make it reality in future.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.367-386
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• 2020

The significance of this study was to analyze the quality value of organic livestock pork for the first time based on the results of managing and testing the cycling organic farming of black pork and vegetables within farm for two years. The results of analysis could be summarized as follows. First, the pork of experimental group with crop-livestock cycling farming showed the excellent quality and high consumer preference compared to the control group of general pork or pork from non-crop-livestock cycling organic farming. In the content ratio of Omega-3 as a representative essential fatty acid, it was 1.46 that was about 2.8 times more than general pork (0.52). In case of Omega-6, it had about 2.5 times more than general pork. Especially, the U/S ratio value which was the content ratio of Unsaturated Fatty Acid (UFA, U) of Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA, S), was largely shown in pork (2.93) from cycling organic farming. Second, it would be necessary to maintain the economies of scope shown in crop-livestock cycling organic farming, and the high quality value of livestock products. For this, there should be a value chain model that could realize the economies of scope and economies of scale at the same time based on scaling and diversification through cooperative organization between farmers. Through this, it would be possible to establish a cycling model called 'community cooperative agriculture' by forming local internal markets through cooperation of production-processing and integration of distribution-sale-consumption. For the managerial activation of this cooperative organization, the government should promote/support the small crop-livestock cycling organic farming cooperative organization in local unit. For securing the reliability of crop-livestock cycling organic agricultural products and crop-livestock cycling organic livestock products, it would be necessary to review the introduction of Participatory Guarantee System (PGS).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.521-529
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• 1997

In the study, we Investigated the behavior and removal efficiency of organics, nitrogen. phosphorus with operating conditions in SBRs. Substrate used was synthetic wastewater in which the ratio of $COD_{cr}$. : N : P was 100 : 12 : 2. The cycling the in SBRs was adjusted at 6 hours and 8 hours, and then certainly Included anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Also, for each cycling time. we performed 2 series of experiment simultaneously which was set up 10 days and 20 days as SRT. The removal efficiency of $COD_{cr}$. was over 97% in all operating conditions. In the 6 hours cycling time, the removal efficiency of $PO_4^{3-}-P$ reached almost 100% in steady state. And then we could observe a typical phonemena of phosphorus release and uptake, and the removal efficiency of N was 67%, Residual N source was almost TKN and most of the rest remained as $NO_2-N$. Also the difference in both SRTs was not observed practically. In the 8 hours cycling time, dissolution of sludge appeared. and, $PO_4^{3-}-P was not nearly removed but nitrogen was removed up to 75%, And the residual nitrogen was accumulated as $NO_2^--N$.

• Carbon letters
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.213-216
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• 2009

The electrochemical deposition of Pt nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) supports and their catalytic activities for methanol electro-oxidation were investigated. Pt catalysts of 4~12 nm average crystalline size were grown on supports by potential cycling methods. Electro-plating of 12 min time by potential cycling method was sufficient to obtain small crystalline size 4.5 nm particles, showing a good electrochemical activity. The catalysts' loading contents were enhanced by increasing the deposition time. The crystalline sizes and morphology of the Pt/support catalysts were evaluated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical behaviors of the Pt/support catalysts were investigated according to their characteristic current-potential curves in a methanol solution. In the result, the electrochemical activity increased with increased plating time, reaching the maximum at 12 min, and then decreased. The enhanced electroactivity for catalysts was correlated to the crystalline size and dispersion state of the catalysts.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.697-709
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• 1997

Sequencing Batch Reactor(SBR) experiments for organics and nutrients removal have been conducted to find an optimum anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic cycling time and evaluate the applicability of oxidation-reduction potential(ORP) as a process control parameter. In this study, a 61 bench-scale plant was used and fed with night-soil wastewater in K city which contained TCODcr : 10, 680 mg/l, TBm : 6, 893 mg/l, $NH_4^+-N$ : 1, 609 mg/l, $PO_4^{3-}-P$ : 602 mg/l on average. The cycling time In SBRs was adjusted at 12 hours and 24 hours, and then certainly included anaerobic, aerobic and inoxic conditions. Also, for each cycling time, we performed 3 series of experiment simultaneously which was set up 10 days, 20 days and 30 days as SRT From the experimental results, the optimum cycling time for biological nutrient removal with nlght-soil wastewater was respctively 3hrs, 5hrs, 3hrs(anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic), Nitrogen removal efficiency was 77.9%, 77.9%, 81.7% for each SRT, respectively. When external carbon source was fed in the anoxic phase, ORP-bending point indicating nitrate break point appeared clearly and nitrogen removal efficiency increased as 96.5%, 97.1%, 98.9%. Phosphate removal efficiency was 59.8%, 64.571, 68.6% for each SRT. Also, we finded the applicability of ORP as a process control parameter in SBRs.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.125-150
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• 2014

Accelerated life tests (ALTs) are extensively used to determine the reliability of a product in a short period of time. Test units are subject to elevated stresses which yield quick failures. ALT can be carried out using constant-stress, step-stress, progressive-stress, cyclic-stress or random-stress loading and their various combinations. An ALT with linearly increasing stress is ramp-stress test. Much of the previous work on planning ALTs has focused on constant-stress, step-stress, ramp-stress schemes and their various combinations where the stress is generally increased. This paper presents an optimal design of ramp soak-stress ALT model which is based on the principle of Thermal cycling. Thermal cycling involves applying high and low temperatures repeatedly over time. The optimal plan consists in finding out relevant experimental variables, namely, stress rates and stress rate change points, by minimizing variance of reliability function with pre-specified mission time under normal operating conditions. The Burr type XII life distribution and time-censored data have been used for the purpose. Burr type XII life distribution has been found appropriate for accelerated life testing experiments. The method developed has been explained using a numerical example and sensitivity analysis carried out.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.327-336
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effec% of immersion in water and thermal cycling on the mechanical peoperties of light cured restorative composite resins. Five commerically available light-cured composite resins(Photo Clearfil A : CA, Lite-Fil A . LF, Clearril Photo Posterior CP, Prisms AP.H.. PA, 2100 : ZH) were unto The specimens of 12 m in diameter and 0.7 m in thickness were made, and an immersion in $37^{\circ}C$ water for 7 days and a thermal cycling of 1000 cycles at 15 second dwell time each in $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ baths were performed. Biaxial flexure test was conducted using the ball-on-three-ball method at the crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. In order to investigate the deterioration of composite resins during the thermal cycling test, Weibull analysis for the biaxial flexure strengths was done. Fracture surfaces and the surfaces before and after the thermal cycling test were examined by SEM. The highest Weibull modulus value of 10.09 after thermal cycling tests which means the lowest strength variation, was observed in the CP group, and the lowest value of 4.47 was obsered in the LF Group. Biaxial flexure strengths and Knoop hardness numbers significantly decreased due to the thermal cycling ($\textit{p}$< 0.01), however, they recovered when specimens were drie4 The highest biaxial flexure strength of 125.65MPa was observed in the ZH group after the thermal cycling test, and the lowest value of 64.86MPa was observed in the CA group. Biaxial flexure strengths of ZH and CP groups were higher than those of PA, CF, and CA groups after thermal cycling test($\textit{p}$< 0.05). Knoop hardness numbers of CP group after the thermal cycling test was the highest(95.47 $\pm$ 7.35kg/$mm^2$) among the samples, while that of CA group was the lowest(30.73 $\pm$ 2.58kg/$mm^2$). Knoop hardness numbers showed the significant differences between the CP group and others after the thermal cycling test(($\textit{p}$< 0.05). Fracture surfaces showed that the composite resin failure developed along the matrix resin and the filler/resin interface region, and the cracks propagated in the conical shape from the maximum tensile stress zone.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.634-640
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• 2011

The effect of cycling on the absorption and desorption characteristics of the 80 wt% $AB_2$-15 wt% Mg-5 wt% Mm system was investigated. The material was made by Hydrogen Combustion Synthesis. The cycling experiment was performed at 298 K, 30 atm for 15 min. During the reaction time, the amount of absorption was fully desorbed. After the full activation, the hydrogen storage capacity was 1.57 wt% and the capacity was maintained until 50 cycles. And the reaction rate does not change with an increase in the number of cycles. This material has good durability and reversible feature.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.597-606
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• 1999

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of aging and thermal cycling on the biaxial flexure strength of low commercially available veneering resin composites for crown(Dentacolor : DC, Artglass : AG, Esternia : ET and Targis : TG). Disc specimens were fabricated in a teflon mold giving 12mm in diameter and 1mm in thickness. All samples were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 was dried in a dessicator at $25^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. Group 2 was immersed in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. Group 3 was immersed in distilled water at $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. Group 4 was subjected to 10,000 thermal cycles between $5^{\circ}C\;and\;55^{\circ}C$, and the immersion time in each bath was 15 seconds per cycle. Biaxial flexure test was conducted using the ball-on-three-ball method at the cross head speed of 0.5mm/min and fracture surfaces were observed with scanning electoron microscope. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Weibull modulus values, except for the AG group, decreased after thermal cycling treatment. 2. Biaxial flexure strength values of aging group at $37^{\circ}C$ were the lowest in all sample groups. Except for the DC group, strength values were significantly decreased for the drying group. 3. After thermal cycling test, the highest value of biaxial flexure strength of 188.8 MPa was observed in the ET group and the lowest value of 73.2 MPa was observed in the DC group. The strength values showed the significant differences in each group (p<0.05). 4. Observation of surfaces after thermal cycling test revealed the ditching in the part of surrounding large fillers.