• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.237-244
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• 1994

Callus tissues derived from protoplast of Alnus hirsuta were shown to produce red pigments under the continuous light. The R4 cell line with high yield of the pigments was selected. One of the red pigments was identified as anthocyanin; glucose and galactose as sugar moiety and cyandin as aglycone, by spectroscopic analysis, cellulose TLC and GLC. Both callus growth and anthocyanin accumulation were remarkably stimulated by 2,4-D. The highest anthocyanin yield was observed when $1\;\mu\textrm{M}$ 2,4-D in combination with $0.1\;\mu\textrm{M}$ BAP was supplemented to the culture medium. In case of inorganic salts, anthocyanin yield was enhenced by reducing concentration of phosphate from 5.0 mM to 2.5 mM and by increasing the ratio of ${NO_3}^{-}$ type to 80% for total nitrogen source.source.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.279-284
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• 2007

Solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiation leads to distinct changes in the skin connective tissues by degradation of collagen, which is a major structural component in the extracellular matrix. UV irradiation induces the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) capable of attacking native fibrillar collagen and responsible for inhibiting the construction of collagenous extracellular matrix. In this study, we attempted to investigate the protective actions of Rubus coreanus ethanol extract (RCE) on the MMP production and the consequent procollagen/collagen degradation in UV-B-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. The analytical data showed that Rubus coreanus ethanol extract was mostly comprised of cyanidin 3-rutinoside. Pre-treatment of fibroblasts with this extract inhibited UV-B-induced production of MMP-1, MMP-8 and MMP-13 in dose-dependent manners. In addition, Western blot analysis and immunocytochemical staining assay revealed that RCE markedly augmented the cellular levels of procollagen/collagen declined in UV-B-exposed dermal fibroblasts. These results demonstrate that RCE blocks UV-B-induced increase of the collagen degradation by inhibiting MMP production. Thus, RCE may act as an agent inhibiting excessive dermal collagen degradation leading to the skin photoaging.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.378-384
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• 2014

Hwajeon, pan-fried rice cake, containing glutinous black rice flour at different proportions (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, or 50% of glutinous rice flour) was cooked to investigate the cooking effect on anthocyanins, color, and texture. Two anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside, were detected in both hwajeon dough and pan-fried hwajeon. The hwajeon retained up to 60% of anthocyanins in the dough after pan-frying. The lightness (L) of dough and hwajeon decreased with an increase in the amount of black rice flour rice flour. Interestingly, the lightness (L) of hwajeon was significantly lower than the counterpart dough, indicating that the color of hwajeon resulted not only from anthocyanins, but also from the browning reaction occurring during pan-frying. The redness (a) of hwajeon initially increased by adding glutinous black rice flour, and decreased at higher than 10% of black rice flour. In comparison with the control hwajeon (0% black rice flour), the black rice-added hwajeon showed lower hardness, whereas it had higher springiness and cohesiveness, resulting in no significant differences in gumminess and chewiness among the hwajeon. These results indicate that hwajeon enriched with glutinous black rice flour can be developed as a functional food containing health-promoting anthocyanins.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 2004

Cranberries have long been used by lay people to relieve the symptoms of urinary tract infections. Recent research has determined that the component of cranberry called proanthocyanidin (PAC) is the primary mechanism for inhibiting P-fimbriated E.coli adhesion to uroepithelial cells in vitro. A series of experiments were performed to determine the effects of PAC on growth and adhesion of uropathogenic E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus to urinary catheter material. The results showed that PAC-inhibited binding of Gram positive S. aureus to collagen coated surfaces and significantly decreased the growth of these bacteria. P-fimbriated E.coli did not bind well to the biomaterial and their growth was unaffected by the cranberry extract with the exception of some loss in viability at 1000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL after 5 to 18 hours of exposure. This is the first report of the potential for cranberries to interfere with the adhesion and growth of S. aureus, a multi-drug resistant organisms responsible for morbidity and mortality especially in hospitalized patients.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2010

Natural dyeing of Sangju silk for graveclothes with mulberry extract solution was studied. The anthocyanidin dye in the extracted mulberry solution was markedly influenced by pH condition, which resulted in the changed maximum light absorption from a $\lambda$max of 525nm in acidic condition to 380nm in alkaline condition possibly due to the irreversible transformation of anthocyanidin to cyanidin form of the dye. The color fastness properties to both light and washing were good when the fabrics were dyed at $80^{\circ}C$ with the mulberry-extracted solution upto twice extraction.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to analyze the anthocyanin content of black rice crude extract according to different extraction methods, as well as to compare the effects of stabilizers(${\beta}$-cyclodextrin, maltodextrin) and sugars(sucrose, maltose) on anthocyanin color deterioration, which was examined at $100^{\circ}C$ for $120{\sim}180$ min. In the water extract, C3G (cyanidin-3-glucoside) was detected, 3.22 ppm and 3.29 ppm of C3G respectively. In the $60^{\circ}C$ water extract, anthocyanin color deterioration was retarded by 10% sucrose and 1% maltose and the thermal color deterioration was retarded by the additions of 1% maltodextrin and 1% ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.279-286
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• 1994

Anthocyanins were isolated and identified from grape peels which were wasted much in Korea, and their characteristics were as follows .Isolated pigments from grape peels were 11 varieties such as 5 varieties of 3, 5-diglucoside (DG), 6 varieties of 3-monoglucoside (MG), and acylated pigment was 2 varieties of them. Malvidin was 4 varieties , petunidin , peonidin and delphinidin 2 varieties in each, and cyanidin 1 variety of 11 vareities. Malvidin -3, 5-diglucoside and peonidin -3, 5-diglucoside of anthocyanins were above 48% in total anthocyanins content of 114.99mg/g in dried skins. Breakdown of anthocyanins was higher become intimate neutral pH, but stable to stroage period for 7-days. Hyperchromic effects were showed when sugars were added in pigment extract of grape peels, the highest value was glucose and the next ordor was fructose and sucrose. Breakdown velosity of anthocyanins was higher when ascorbic acid was added, but its velocity was reduced in anaerobic state . Absorption degree by organic acid treatment was higher than control, and anthocyanins were stable to storage period for 7 days.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.318-322
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• 2017

The study was carried out to determine the changes of growth characteristics, anthocyanidin, and brown rice yield grown at coast and inland areas apart from the east coastline of Gyeongsangbuk-do province. Number of spikelets per panicle was much more increased in inland area. Regional difference in number of spikelets per panicle was observed in Jeongjinju cultivar. Among these red rice cultivars, the highest brown rice yield was Jeongjinju rice cultivar having 702 kg in inland area and 692 ㎏ in coast area, respectively. Anthocyanidin content ranged 524 to $610{\mu}g/g$ dry weight basis. Cyanidin content was 11.4 to 14.0 times higher than that of delphinidin under coast and inland area. Anthocyanidin content was higher in rice cultivar grown at coast area. Highest head brown rice rate was only observed in Geonganghongmi to 95.2 at coast area and 95.4 inland area. In considering brown rice yield and pigment content, Hongjinju rice cultivar was recommended in optimal pigment rice cultivar in eastern coast of Gyeongsangbuk-do Province.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2010

Total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity were analyzed from rice samples collected in Korea, Japan and China. The results showed that the total phenolic content and free-radical scavenging activity differed significantly in these rice lines. The correlation between content and activity was subsequently investigated. The results showed that in black rice, anthocyanin was the major phenolic component and that both phenolic content and anthocyanin content were closely correlated with free-radical scavenging activity. Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) data showed that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside composed about 90% of the total anthocyanin content in black rice and in red rice. In the red rice extract, the total phenolic content produced a high correlation coefficient with antioxidant activity but correlated very poorly with the total anthocyanin content. The $OD_{458}$ and the $OD_{500}$ values which represent the proanthocyanidin content of the rice extract, produced high correlation coefficients with antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. These results suggest that the $OD_{458}$ and the $OD_{500}$ values can be used to evaluate the quality of red rice. In addition, based on the data obtained, a competitive accumulation model of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin in black and red rice was proposed.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2016

Background: This study represents the first report that the anti-obesity activity of ethanol extracts of Aronia melanocarpa can be enhanced through ultrasonification at a frequency of 120 kHz at $60^{\circ}C$ (UE). Methods and Results: The amounts of cyanidin-3-O-galactose (cya-gal), a major anthocyanin in A. melanocarpa were higher by up to 402.4 mg/100 g, as compared with 221.4 mg/100 g and 322.1 mg/100 g, for hot water at $100^{\circ}C$ and 70% ethanol at $80^{\circ}C$ respectively. This result should cause the higher antioxidant activities of the UE than extract of hot water and ethanol in DPPH free radical scavenging. It was confirmed that the high antioxidant activity of UE could play an important role in inhibiting the production of proteins related to adipocyte differentiation, such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-${\gamma}$ (PPAR-${\gamma}$) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1). Conclusions: Ultrasonification at a frequency of 120 kHz at $60^{\circ}C$ should result in better anti-obesity activity than that observed using other processes. It was also observed for the first time that the anti-obesity activity of A. melanocarpa was associated with its antioxidant activity, possibly due to the higher elution of intact cya-gal, owing to efficient low temperature ultrasonification extraction. These results could also be applied to improve other biological activities of medicinal herbs that contain many types of heat-labile bioactive substances.