• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.75-84
• /
• 2003

The objective of this paper was to analyse the foot type of female university students by the direct and indirect measure of foot and the measures of foot outline. The results were as follow: 1. The length and the width of foot were small and ankle slender and the modification of the big toe slight. 2. The analysis on the 16 measure items revealed five factors; the first factor was related to the width and girth of foot, the second one to the length of foot, the third one to the transformation of the little toe, the fourth one to the height of foot, the fifth one to transformation of the big toe. 3. The grouping on the shape of foot revealed three types. The inline angle of foot was the smallest in average in the type 1, while it appeared to be middle in the other types. The wider foot shapes were grouped as type 2 because their inline and outline angles of foot were the biggest in average. In the type 3, the big toe was curved a lot, since it was the largest in average. 4. From the naked eye measuring method, classification from which toe was popped-out told that Egyptian foot was 30.9%, Greek foot 27.9%. On the other hand, the instrumental method showed that Egyptian foot was 57.3%, Squared foot 35.3% and Greek foot 7.4%. 5. The result from the analysis about the traits of foot shape by the degree of the arch formation of bottom foot, showed that 33.8% had the normal foot, 66.2% slightly flat foot or middle one. There was no one with rigid flat foot. 6. The shoes size they declared were that 240cm was 33.3%, 235cm 18.1% and 245cm 18.1%. The shape of their shoe heel were flat heel(34.8%), cuban heel(25.5%), and narrow straight heel(19.9%); and that of the shoe toe were round toe(25.4%), oval toe(20.4%) and squared toe(20.4%). 7. The discomforting parts when they wear shoes were the little toe(35.4%), the rear of foot(13.9%), and the width of foot(13.9%), which was related to their dislike of shoe with the pointed toe.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.31 no.11
• /
• pp.1510-1519
• /
• 2007

This comparative study analyzes and compares tight skirt sewing methods which are found in the clothing configuration reference text books available in contemporary universities and which are used in commercially-available domestic consumer products. The study samples included 15 text books and 12 tight skirt consumer products of different brands on sale at three department stores in Seoul each of which had a belt, a back-centered zipper, and back double slits. The findings of the study are summarized as follows: First, text books mainly show very basic sewing methods of using zippers on both sides of the straight-lined waist belt. This indicates that it is necessary for such methods to be complemented so that they cover a recent variety of designs, materials, and sewing machines. For consumer products, the main sewing method is to use a curved waist belt and a console zipper in silhouette running across half the hipbone. Second, consumer products employ three different types of cutting and sewing methods for putting an inseam on the center of the back slit part: to leave the whole inseam hemmed in the back center, to cut the left side of the inseam to the upper part of the back slit, and to cut the inseam to both the upper parts of the back slit. However, a method shown in most of the sampled text books is to cut the inseam of the back center to both the upper parts of the back slit. Third, the way of finishing a bottom edge hem in the text books is to do slip-stitch, herringbone stitch, and slinting hemming, in order after doing over-lock stitch, or to cut the hem on the bias and then slip-stitch, while for the consumer products the most frequently used sewing method is to finish the bottom edge hem by doing secoui-stitch. Finally, while in the text books the method of stitching darts and tucks is used for lining, the main lining method used in consumer products is to make tucks only. Also in the way of stitching the side seams of lining or the seams of the back center, there is a difference between the two sample groups of text books and the consumer products: while the former suggests using both open seams and over-lock stitch, the latter is found to finish the seams using an over-lock stitch only.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.217-225
• /
• 2019

The chimi(ridge-end tile) of Wangheungsa temple is the oldest in our country. The upper part of the chimi was excavated from the southern side of Wangheungsa temple and the lower part from the northern side. These parts are considered to be portions of the same chimi, because they are similar in shape and are excavated from two sides of the same temple structure. However, the original shape of the chimi cannot be determined owing to substantial deterioration. Hence, in this study, replicas of the deteriorated chimi portions of Wangheungsa temple were fabricated by employing 3D scanning technology and the computer numerical control machining method. While observing the bending phenomenon of the chimi, the proposed model was warped realistically on the basis of the bending direction of the actual chimi. Consequently, the restoration process was modified several times. The results indicated that no gaps can be found between the upper and lower parts, and the corresponding patterns connect naturally. Furthermore, the proposed method is contactless, safe, operable, reproducible, and appropriate for restoration of artifacts. Additionally, the modeling data is semi-permanent. Hence, if modelling data is appropriately applied as per the characteristics of artifacts, it can be utilized in various fields such as virtual exhibitions, hands-on exhibitions, cultural heritage restoration, and production of teaching aids and souvenirs.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.119-126
• /
• 2023

Today, in order to improve fuel efficiency and dynamic behavior of automobiles, an era of light weight and simplification of automobile parts is being formed. In order to simplify and design and manufacture the shape of the product, various components are integrated. For example, in order to commercialize three products into one product, product processing is occurring to a very narrow area. In the case of existing parts, precision die casting or casting production is used for processing convenience, and the multi-piece method requires a lot of processes and reduces the precision and strength of the parts. It is very advantageous to manufacture integrally to simplify the processing air and secure the strength of the parts, but if a deep and narrow pocket part needs to be processed, it cannot be processed with the equipment's own spindle. To solve a problem, research on cutting processing is being actively conducted, and multi-axis composite processing technology not only solves this problem. It has many advantages, such as being able to cut into composite shapes that have been difficult to flexibly cut through various processes with one machine tool so far. However, the reality is that expensive equipment increases manufacturing costs and lacks engineers who can operate the machine. In the five-axis cutting processing machine, when producing products with deep and narrow sections, the cycle time increases in product production due to the indirectness of tools, and many problems occur in processing. Therefore, dedicated machine tools and multi-axis composite machines should be used. Alternatively, an angle spindle may be used as a special tool capable of multi-axis composite machining of five or more axes in a three-axis machining center. Various and continuous studies are needed in areas such as processing vibration absorption, low heat generation and operational stability, excellent dimensional stability, and strength securing by using the angle spindle.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.49-55
• /
• 1982

The purpose of this study is to classify the factors influenced on the damages of head works suffered from the storm flood occurred on July 22 1980 in both Musim and Bochong rivers and to find out an integral counter measures against the causes influenced on the disaster of head works in the engineering aspect of planning, design, construction and maintenance. In this survey, number of samples was taken 25 head Works, and the counter measures against the causes of their disasters summarized was as follows, 1. In the aspect of planning a. As the flood water level after the establishment of head works is more increased than the level before setting of head works owing to having more gentle slope of river bed between the head works than nature slope of river bed. Number of head works should be reduced for the appropriate annexation of them b. In the place where head works is established on the curved point of levee, the destruction of levee becomes severe by the strong deflective current. Therefore the setting of head works on the curved point should be kept off as long as possible and in case of unavoidable circumstances the construction method such as reinforced concrete wall or stone wall filed with concrete and anchored bank revetments should be considered. 2. In the aspect of design a. As scoring phenomena at up stream is serious around the weir Where the concentration of strong current is present in such a place, up stream apron having impermeability should be designed to resist and prevent scoring. b. As the length of apron and protected bed is too short to prevent scoring as down stream bed, the design length should be taken somewhat more than the calculated value, but in the case the calculated length becomes too long to be profitable, a device of water cushion should be considered. c. The structure of protected river bed should be improved to make stone mesh bags fixed to apron and to have vinyl mattress laid on river bed together with the improvement for increasing the stability of stone mesh bags and preventing the sucked sand from the river bed. d. As the shortage of cut-off length, especialy in case of the cutoffs conneting both shore sides of river makes the cause of destruction of embankment and weir body, the culculation of cut-off length should be taken enough length based on seepage length. 3. In the aspect of design and constructions a. The overturing destruction of weir by piping action was based on the jet water through cracks at the construction and expansion joints. therefore the expansion joint should be designed and constructed with the insertion of water proof plate and asphalt filling, and the construction joint, with concaved shape structure and steel reinforcement. b. As the wrong design and construction of the weep holes on apron will cause water piping and weir destruction, the design and construction of filter based on the rule of filter should be kept for weep holes. c. The wrong design and construction of bank revetment caused the severe destruction of levee and weir body resulting from scoring and impulse by strong current and formation of water route behind the revetment. Therefore bank revetment should be designod and constructed with stone wall filled with concrete and anchored, or reinforced concrete wall to prevent the formation of water flow route behind the wall and to resist against the scoring and impulse of strong stream. 4. In the aspect of maintenance When the damaged parts occurred at head works the authorities and farmers concerned should find and mend them as soon as possible with mutual cooperation, and on the other hand public citizen should be guided for good use of public property.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.3-15
• /
• 1975

How to stabilize wood against shrinking and swelling in variable atmospheric moisture conditions is important to the wood-using industry and a challenge to research. Polyethylene glycol stabilize wood by bulking the fiber. PEG also serve as a chemical seasoning agent, suppress decay in high concentrations, and have slight effect on physical properties, gluing or finishing. The study designed to determine the effect of PEG-400 on the dimensional stabilization of local hardwoods for wood carvings that could supply a greatly expanding tourist trade and making curved furniture parts, lamp stands and other decorative objects, and possible gunstock. The species examined were 6 species, Seo-Namoo (Carpinus laxiflora), Cheungcheung-Namoo (Cornus controversa), Gorosae-Namoo (Acer mono), Karae-Namoo (Juglans mandshurica), Jolcham-Namoo (Quercusserrata) and Sanbud-Namoo (Prunus sargentii), used as block of 5cm thick radially to the grain, 7cm wide tangentially, and 70cm long parallel to the wood grain. All these test piecies were conditioned above the fiber saturation point before impregnation. The stabilization effects were determined for PEG-400 treated woods in a 50 percent solution for 20 days. The following conclusions were obtained. PEG retentions increased with treating time. It was more effective to treat at 60$^{\circ}C$ than at room temperature. In degree of PEG-400 impregnation on species, Cheungcheung-Namoo havinglow specific gravity had the highest retentions, 68.77% but the lowest, 56.33% was shown in Jolcham-Namoo with high specific gravity. Specific gravity of treated wood increased considerably with effectiveness of polymer loading. The increases in specific gravity were 5.36 to 13.16 percent. The highest was Jolcham-Namoo, the lowest Karae-Namoo. On the dimensional stability, a 40 percent of effectiveness of polymer loading was just as effective as 60 percent in reduction in water absorptivity (RWA), antishrinkage efficiency (ASE) and antiswelling efficiency (AE), and from over 60 percent they increased more rapidly. Also species response varied considerably. ASE was 30.12 to 69.97 percent tangentially and 27.86 to 56.37 percent radially, AE 34.06 to 73.76 percent tangentially and 30.11 to 70.12 percent radially, and RWA 42.31 to 65.32 percent. No differences in volume swelling among the 6 species were observed. Its values were ranged from 14.98 to 19.55 percent and also increased with PEG retentions. On the mechanical properties, the strengths very much decreased with PEG-400 loadings as shown in Figure 12; that were 11.41 to 22.90 percent in compression, 21.61 to 34.35 percent in bending and 22.83 to 36.83 percent in tensile strength. PEG retention in cell wall was less than 1 percent and the most of PEG were immersed in cell lumen. Except for Korae-Namoo, effectivenesses of polymer loading were as much high as 61.58 to 75.02 percent. This is believed to be due to the effect of PEG-400 on excellant dimensional stability of treated woods.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.111-124
• /
• 2009

This study analyzes through the review of literature and laws the exposure time, clinical frequency, and radiation exposure of intraoral and extraoral radiography as well as of panoramic radiography performed by dental hygienists in dental clinics, compares the dental radiology curriculums of radiological science and dental hygiene departments, and proposes the expansion of dental hygienists' radiography operations. The radiology curriculums were compared between the radiological science and dental hygiene departments of colleges. For new analysis by radiography for dental diagnosis, the exposure time, radiation absorbed dose, effective dose, and number of days of natural radiation were compared by the type of oral radiation films and radiographical techniques proposed by domestic and international studies. The exposure time of panoramic radiography is 15 seconds and it takes about two minutes for completion, whereas the exposure time of the standard radiography is 0.2~0.8 seconds and it takes 10 times longer for completion of the radiography of full mouth than the panoramic radiography. The standard radiography can cause distortions of radiation at severely curved parts of dental arch and palatopharyngeal reflex. However, panoramic radiography can be performed even for lock jaw patients, causes less inconvenience to patients and is much simpler than the standard radiography. The percentage of dental clinics where radiography is performed by dental hygienists was 92.0%, and the percentage of standard film radiography by dental hygienists was 98% whereas the percentage of panoramic radiography by dental hygienists was 92%. For the absorbed dose which is an indicator of radiation exposure, the When the effective dose which is an indicator of the danger of radiation exposure was converted to the number of days of natural radiation, it was 3.3 days for panoramic radiography, but 13.9 days for the full mouth standard radiography by bisecting angle technique which was 4.2 times longer than the panoramic radiography. There were two colleges that had a dental radiology course with two credits in the departments of radiological science. The credits for dental radiology courses in the department of dental hygiene ranged varied by college, ranging from 3 to 8; on average, the theory course was 2.2 credits and the practice course was 2.02 credits. To summarize the above results, the percentage of dental clinics where panoramic radiography is performed by dental hygienists under the guidance of dentists is high. Panoramic radiography has become an essential facility for dental clinics. It is faster than standard film radiography and less dangerous due to low radiation exposure. Panoramic radiography is a simple mechanical job that does not require training of oral radiography by radiotechnologist. Because panoramic radiography is one of major operations which must be performed at all times in dental clinics, it must be designated as intraoral technique rather than extraoral technique, or legalized for inclusion in the scope of operations of dental hygienists.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.218-231
• /
• 2012

A total of 126 fossil scaphopods (121 specimens from the Hagjeon Formation and 5 specimens from the Duho Formation) were found from the Cenozoic strata, Hagjeon and Duho Formations, Pohang Basin, Korea. Five species belonging two genera (Fissidentalium yokoyamai, F. sp. A, B, and Rhabdus sp. A, B) were classified: the most dominant species is Fissidentalium yokoyamai. The species of Fissidentalium yokoyamai is characterized by curved shell (accuration=3.90%) and very closely spaced longitudinal ribs on shell surfaces, while the species of Rhabdus is a nearly straight shell characterized by concentric growth lines without longitudinal ribs. Identification of two genera is somewhat easy due to such morphological differences but classification at generic level is hard because diagnostic features (e.g., cross section and apical structure) are lost in the most specimens. Consequently, except for Fissidentalium yokoyamai, the rest were classified temporarily as F. sp. A, B, and Rhabdus sp. A, B. Two types of preservation state were recognized: one is three-dimensionally preserved specimen (3D specimen) and the other is compressed specimen. Internal parts of the 3D specimen is filled with clastic sediments identical to the surrounding sediments of the shells, which is not observed in the compressed specimens. It is, thus, concluded that the 3D fossils were originally empty but internal cavity were immediately filled with the sediments, which may have protect from the compaction due to pressure during deposition of the gravelly to coarse sandstone of the Hagjeon Formation.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.316-322
• /
• 2022

The flow pattern at the inlet of the catalyst layer in a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system is one of the key parameters influencing the performance of the denitrification process. In the curved diffusing parts between the ammonia injection grids and the catalyst layers, guide vanes are installed to improve flow uniformity. In the present study, a numerical simulation has been performed to investigate the effect of the geometrical configuration of the guide vanes on the aerodynamic characteristics of a denitrification facility. This application has been made to the existing SCR process in a large-scaled coal-fired power plant. The flow domain to be solved covers the whole region of the flow passages from the exit of the ammonia injection gun to the exit of the catalyst layers. ANSYS-Fluent was used to calculate the three-dimensional steady viscous flow fields with the proper turbulence model fitted to the flow characteristics. The root mean square of velocity and the pressure drop inside the flow passages were chosen as the key performance parameters. Four types of guides vanes were proposed to improve the flow quality compared to the current configuration. The numerical results showed that the type 4 configuration was the most effective at improving the aerodynamic performance in terms of flow uniformity and pressure loss.

• Advanced Industrial SCIence
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.9-15
• /
• 2023

Since silicone rubber heaters are flexible, they can be directly attached or installed in objects to be heated even in flat, curved or three-dimensional shapes. Since the current heating method heats the entire object to be heated and raises it to a required temperature, ignoring areas or positions where heat is not required, partial intensive heating cannot be performed. When using multi-heating zones, rather than heating the entire object to be heated, only the parts that need heat are intensively heated according to the process, so it is possible to heat quickly by local location by applying different amounts of heat with a small amount of electric capacity to each place that needs heat, and heat energy can reduce. In this study, the temperature and heating time of the partially concentrated region in the multi-heating region structure are measured so that a uniform temperature or temperature difference occurs in the region requiring thermal fusion. In order to determine the optimal power density range and reduce capacitance, the safety of a silicon rubber heater manufactured with a multi-heating zone structure is investigated. If the silicon rubber heater is manufactured in a multi-heating method, the multi-intensive heating technology can be ideally applied to all heating processes.