• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.424-428
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• 2013

To identify risk factors for Legionella contamination, water quality variables routinely measured in examination of natural and city waters were meta-analyzed for significance of correlation to Legionella incidences. For evaluation of abundance of Escherichia coli as a risk factor, which is currently used as an indicator of Legionella contamination in an official guideline in Korea, odds ratio (OR) of above-cutoff total coliform counts for Legionella presence/absence was used as the effect size in the meta-analysis. The OR was estimated as 1.05 (0.36-3.12, 95% CI), and the probability of having identical odds reached 0.92. Also, ORs from individual studies showed significant heterogeneity (P=0.008), which contributed to 63% of total variance of the ORs. In the case of heterotrophic plate count (HPC), the OR for Legionella presence/absence was 2.72 (2.04-3.63) with highly significant deviation from identical odds (P<0.0001). ORs from different studies were seemingly homogeneous ($Q_{df=8}$=12.7, P=0.12). Turbidity and concentrations of chlorine, iron ion and cupper ion were other routine variables that could be considered as risk factors. However, statistical measures from different studies were not uniform enough to develop an appropriate effect size while the number of studies reporting the variables was also small (3-5). In conclusion, HPC appeared to be appropriate as indicator of Legionella contamination, rather than fecal bacteria contamination. HPC may imply abundance of habitats (amoebas and biofilms) of Legionella in water. This result warrants further studies for standardizing protocols and cutoff values to infer Legionella risks from HPC.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.293-300
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• 2006

This study was carried out to determine the effect of chemical fertilizer and two fermented types of pig slurry on the dry matter(DM) yield of three crops and chemical properties. The experiment design was a split plot with three replications. Main plots consist of three crops : $sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ hybrid('SS405'), sudangrass('Jumbo'), corn('DK501'). Sub plots consist of three treatments : chemical fertilizer (CF N-200, P-150, K-150 kg/ha), aerobic fermented pig slurry (APS 200kg N/ha), and aerobic fermented pig slurry treated with probiotics (APS+P 200 kg N/ha). Plant heights with three crops per sudangrass (380.3cm) was the longest (p<0.01). Dry matter yield of aerobic fermented pig slurry treated with probiotics was the highest the other treatments (p<0.01). Crude protein (CP) content were highest in $sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ hybrid than in the other crops. Cupper content(%) were highest in aerobic fermented pig slurry treated with probiotics than in the other treatments.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.93-108
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• 2013

This study is aimed to prepare the effective detail survey methods(Phase II) of abandoned metal mines through the contamination assessment for mine types and facilities in the abandoned metal mine areas. The study sites of 12 abandoned mines are located in Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do and those were chosen among 310 sites that the Phase II survey was conducted from 2007 to 2009 after considering the results of Phase I for abandoned mines scattered all over the country. 12 study sites were classified into four types; Type I sites only have pit mouth. Type II sites have pit mouth and mine-waste field. Type III sites have pit mouth and tailing sorting field. Type IV sites have pit mouth, tailing sorting field and concentrator(s). In forest land, paddy soil and farm land of Type I, As and Cd were showed average concentration, and Cu and Pb were high on the pit mouth area in one mines where the pit mouth was developed within 500 m. In the mines of Type II, Cu and Pb were showed average concentration too, but As and Cd were slightly high in pit mouth and mine-waste field. The mines of Type III which had grinding particle process through physical separation milling or hitting showed similar tendency with Type II. However, mines of Type IV pit mouth, mine-waste field and showed various results depending on defining the contamination sources. For example, if contamination source was pit mouth, the mixed results of Type I, II, II were showed. In tailing sorting field which was regarded as the most important source and having high mobility, however, if there were no facilities or it was difficult to access directly, field sampling was missed occasionally during phase I and phase II survey. For that reason, the assessment for tailing sorting field is missed and it leads to completely different results. In the areas of Type I mines, the concentration of heavy metals exceeded precautionary standards of soil contamination or not within 1,000 meters of pit mouth. Nickel(Ni) was the largest factor of the heavy metal contamination in this type. The heavy metals except Arsenic(As) were shown high levels of concentration in Type II areas, where pit mouth and mine-waste field were operated for making powder in upriver region; therefore, to the areas in the vicinity of midstream and downstream, the high content of heavy metals were shown. The tendency of high level of heavy metals and toxic materials contained in flotation agent used during sorting process were found in soil around sorting and tailing field. In the abandoned-pit-mouth area, drygrinding area and tailing sorting field area, the content of Cupper(Cu) and Zinc(Zn) were higher than other areas. Also, the contaminated area were larger than mine reclamation area(2,000 m) and the location of tailing sorting field was one of the important factors to estimate contaminated area.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 1992

Of the cadmium-tolerant 162 bacterial strains isolated from soils, river waters or active sludges of waste-water disposal plants in the Gyeongnam province a strain C1, which showed considerably higher growth rate in the agar plate containing 2000 ppm than any other strains isolated, was identified as a Pseudomonas putida or its similar strain when analyzed by taxonomical characteristics. Optimum pH and temperature for the growth of the P, putida were 7.0 and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. This strain was resistant to antibiotics(ampicillin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin), and heavy metals(lithium, cupper, lead and zinc). This strain utilized salicylate, naphthalene or xylene as a sole carbon source. The rate of cadmium accumulation in P. putida cell was enhanced at low concentration of Cd in the growth media. The maximum cadmium absorption by this strain grown in 1 and l0ppm of Cd was respectively 78% and 60% 24 hrs after culture, but in 100 ppm Cd, 40% 48 hrs after culture. Addition of a non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100(0.1%) to the medium enhanced the accumulation of cadmium in the P. putida up to approximately 37%.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 2005

The crystal structure of Bis(ethylenediamine) cuprate(II)$\cdot$dichromate, $Cu(C_2H_8N_2)_2{\cdot}Cr_2O_7$, has been determined by X-ray crystallography. Crystal data: a=5.682(2), b=8.567(3), c=14.839(3) ${\AA},\;{\alpha}=97.50(2),\;{\beta}=101.06(1),\;{\gamma}=109.38(2)^{\circ}$ Triclinic, P-1 (SG No=2), Z=2, V=653.9(2) ${\AA}^3,\;D_c=2.030gcm^{-3},\;{\mu}=3.273mm^{-1}$. The structure was solved by Patterson method and refined by full matrix least-square methods uslng unit weights. The final R and S values were $R_1=0.0256,\;R_w=0.0708,\;R_{all}=0.0316,\;S=1.151$ for the observed 2291 reflections. The two cupper complex ion has the usual distorted octahedral structure with mean four Cu-N distances of 2.010(3) $\AA$ and the longer mean Cu-O distance of 2.525(2) $\AA$. The Cu-complex and dichromate ions are linked to form infinite chain arranged alternatively along the [111]-direction. The neighboring chains in the (0-11) plane are connected with N1-O5 and N3-O1 hydrogen bonds.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.450-455
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• 2017

Codonopsis lanceolata (Campanulaceae) has been widely used in traditional medicine and is considered to have medicinal properties to treat diseases and symptoms such as bronchitis, coughs, spasm, edema, hepatitis, colitis, and lung injury. In order to investigate whether native Codonopsis lanceolata extract alleviates ashmatic symptoms in vivo, we first carried out various antioxidant activities by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. The antioxidant activities were increased by adding Codonopsis lanceolata extract in a concentration-dependent manner which compared to ascorbic acid as a positive control. Histological studies using an ovalbumin-induced animal model exhibited potent anti-inflammatory potential by decreasing immuno-responsive cells in the lung by the extract by confirming H&E and PAS staining. It is revelaed that further immunihistochemical analysis showed anti-ashmatic capabilities by assessing histamine, IL-31, and MMP-9 expressions. The level of IL-13 expression in Codonopsis lanceolata extract-treated group was decreased upto 73.7% compared to control, whereas that of total cells and eosinophil counting in Codonopsis lanceolata extract-treated group was diminished to 73.5% and 80.9%, respectively. These results collectively indicate that the C. lanceolata extract ameliorates asthmatic symptoms effectively in an ovalbumin-challenged mice model, in that the extract can be used for the development of an anti-asthmatic food ingredient.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 1986

Heavy metal contents and residues level of organochlorine pesticides were analyzed for commercial salted and fermented sea-food which bought from pusan area. Heavy metal contents ranged from 0.11 to 0.46 ppm of mercury, trace to 1.1 ppm of lead, 0.01 to 0.34 ppm of cadmium, 0.4 to 5.98 ppm of cupper, 0.16 to 4.5 ppm of zinc, trace to 0.49 ppm of manganese and trace to 1.35 ppm of arsenic. Residue level of organochlorine pesticides in salted and fermented sea-foods ranged from 0.3 ppb to 1.825 ppb of total BHC Organochlorine pesticides of DDE, dieldrine, pp'-DDD and pp'-DDT were detected a small amount from Ge jeot and Myeol-Chi jeot. In conclusion. the heavy metal and levels of organochlorine pesticides residues were safety to eat the salted and fermented sea foods.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.169-178
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• 1974

Concentrations of mercury, cadmium, lead and copper are determined in the surrounding seawater and in seaweeds, Undarta pinnatifida and Sargassun fulvellum, from Suyeong Bay in Busan in the spring tide and neap tide from January to April 1974. The range and mean of the heavy metal concentrations in the surrounding seawater are as follows : mercury 0.00-0.39 ppb, 0. 16ppb; cadmium 0.00-0.46 ppb, 0.18 ppb, lead 0.00-0.94 ppb, 0.26 ppb : copper 0.00-0.86 ppb, 0.25 ppb respectively, and the concentrations varied slightly according to the tide. The mean values of concentration rate of Hg, Cd, Pb and Cu in air dry base were $0.42\times10^3(0.13\times10^3\~1.0\times10^3)$, $2.1\times10^3(0.8\times10^3\~4.9\times10^3)$, $8.9\times10^3(3.1\times10^3\~19\times10^3)$ and $15\times10^3(6.0\times10^3\~28\times10^3)$ in the Undaria pinnatifida, and $0.25\times10^3($0.06\times10^3\~0.56\times10^3)$, $1.0\times10^3(0.61\times10^3\~1.7\times10^3)$, $5.4\times10^3(3.1\times10^3\~8.5\times10^3)$ and $22.8\times10^3(14.4\times10^3\~52.4\times10^3)$ in the Sargassun fulvellum. The concentration rate of Hg, Cd and Pb of the Undaria pinnatifida was almost twice as much as that of the Sargassun fulvellum but the concentration rate of copper of the former was slightly smaller than of the latter.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1092-1100
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• 2020

The six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 4 (Steap4) is a metalloreductase that plays a role in intracellular iron and cupper homeostasis, inflammatory response, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Previously, Steap4 has been reported to stimulate adipocyte differentiation; however, the underlying mechanisms of this action remain unexplored. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in Steap4-induced adipocyte differentiation using 3T3-L1 cells, immortalized brown adipocyte (iBA) cells, and mouse embryonic fibroblast C3H10T1/2 cells. The knockdown of Steap4 using adenovirus-containing shRNA attenuated mitotic clonal expansion (MCE), as evidenced by the impaired proliferation of 3T3-L1 cells, iBA cells, and C3H10T1/2 cells within 48 hr after adding the differentiation medium. Steap4 knockdown downregulated G1/S phase transition-related cell cycle regulators (including cyclin A and cyclin D) and upregulated cell cycle inhibitors (including p21 and p27). Furthermore, Steap4 knockdown inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and Akt. Moreover, Steap4 knockdown repressed the expression of early adipogenic activators, such as CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) and Kruppel-like factor family factor 4 (KLF4). On the other hand, Steap4 knockdown stimulated the expression of adipogenic inhibitors, including KLF2, KLF3, and GATA2. The overexpression of Steap4 using an adenovirus removed the repressive histone marks H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 on the promoter of C/EBPβ. These results indicate that Stepa4 stimulates adipocyte differentiation through the induction of MCE and the modulation of early adipogenic transcription factors, including C/EBPβ, during the early phase of adipocyte differentiation.