• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2006

The intraocular pressure for Korean youth were measured by using tonometer (AT555-Reichert). The relative frequency distributions of intraocular pressures have been studied for samples of 1,027 persons(475 males, 552 females). The most commonly recorded IOP for both men and women was around 14.5mmHg and 17.5mmHg, respectively. They were in the range of 7 to 23mmHg(males) and 7 to 22mmHg(females). The median pressure(cumulative frequency=0.5%) is 13.0~16.5mmHg for males and 16.5~18.5mmHg for females, so the values for females are slightly higher than males. The mean pressure is 15.2mmHg for males and 15.8mmHg for females, respectively. The 98% of population was in the range of the normal IOP. There are long-term diurnal variation in mean intraocular pressure and the IOP was decreased as a function of time from morning to night. The measured IOP was affected by several factors: exercise made to decrease the IOP and tight collars, dark places and posture of decubitus position got to elevate the IOP.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 2005

Purpose: The main cause of death due to acute organophosphate (OP) poisoning is believed acute respiratory failure caused by cholinergic reactions. Recently, advances in respiratory and intensive care make it possible to maintain the respiratory function of patients with OP poisoning, but the mortality rates remain high. The present study clarified the hemodynamics of patients with acute lethal OP poisoning. The purpose of this study was to analyse the outcomes and predictors of mortality in patients with acute OP poisoning requiring intensive care. Methods: We reviewed medical and intensive care records of patients with acute OP poisoning admitted to emergency department and ICU between March 1998 and Aug 2005. We collected patient information regarding poisoning, clinical, and demographic features. Results: During the study period, 67 subjects treated with intensive care and ventilator management in addition to gastric decontamination standard therapy with atropine and 2-PAM. Of 67 patients, 13 died. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated a steep decline in the cumulative survival to $86.6\%$ during the first week. Mean arterial pressure < 60 mmHg within the first 24 hours was recognized as a poor prognostic indicators among mechanical ventilated patients. Conclusion: Most OP poisoning-related deaths occurred within the first week of poisoning. Mean arterial pressure lower than 60 mmHg might be the best predictor of poor outcome. We speculated that the refractory hypotension is the leading cause of death in patients with lethal OP poisoning that receiving mechanical ventilation and maximal supportive care.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2010

We have garnered 3,593 data of gas accidents reported for 12 years from 1995, and then analyzed the LPG vaporizer accidents according to their types and causes based on the classified database. According to the results the gas rupture has been the most common accident followed by the release, explosion and then fire accidents, the most frequent accident-occurring sub-cause is LPG check floater faults. In addition, we have applied the Poisson Probability Functions to predict the most-likely probabilities of fire, explosion, release and rupture with the LPG vaporizer in the upcoming 5 years. In compliance with Poisson Probability Functions results, in the item which occurs below 3 "LPG-Vaporizer-Fire", in the item which occurs below 5 "LPG-Vaporizer-Products Faults-Check Floater" and the item which occurs below 10 appeared with "LPG-Vaporizer-Products Faults". From this research we have assured the successive database updating will highly improve the anticipating probability accuracy and thus it will play a key role as a significant safety- securing guideline against the gas disasters.

• Korean Circulation Journal
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.1148-1156
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• 2018

Background and Objectives: It is controversial that decreased left ventricular function could predict poststroke outcomes. The purpose of this study is to elucidate whether left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) can predict cardiovascular events and mortality in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) without atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods: Transthoracic echocardiography was conducted consecutively in patients with AIS or transient ischemic attack at Soonchunhyang University Hospital between January 2008 and July 2016. The clinical data and echocardiographic LVEF of 1,465 patients were reviewed after excluding AF and CHD. Poststroke disability, major adverse cardiac events (MACE; nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death) and all-cause mortality during 1 year after index stroke were prospectively captured. Cox proportional hazards regressions analysis were applied adjusting traditional risk factors and potential determinants. Results: The mean follow-up time was $259.9{\pm}148.8days$ with a total of 29 non-fatal strokes, 3 myocardial infarctions, 33 cardiovascular deaths, and 53 all-cause mortality. The cumulative incidence of MACE and all-cause mortality were significantly higher in the lowest LVEF (<55) group compared with the others (p=0.022 and 0.009). In prediction models, LVEF (per 10%) had hazards ratios of 0.54 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36-0.80, p=0.002) for MACE and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.39-0.97, p=0.037) for all-cause mortality. Conclusions: LVEF could be an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality after AIS in the absence of AF and CHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2019

Objectives: We aimed to compare preterm, neurodevelopmentally disordered and healthy full-term children. Methods: We enrolled 47 children who were born preterm, 40 neurodevelopmentally disordered children, and 80 healthy children as control participants, in order to assess the cognitive functioning and the risk of behavioral problems at the age of 5. Children were assessed using the Korean Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-4th edition (K-WPPSI-IV), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Results: The mean K-WPPSI-IV score of the preterm group was $87.19{\pm}17.36$, which was significantly higher than that of the neurodevelopmental disorder group ($69.98{\pm}28.63$; p<0.001) but lower than that of the control group ($107.74{\pm}14.21$; p<0.001). The cumulative CBCL scores of the preterm children were not significantly different from those of the control group. Additionally, the TCI scores for reward dependence of the preterm children were higher than those of the control group. Conclusion: The cognitive performance of preterm infants was lower than that of healthy full-term infants at the age of 5, and there was an association between slower growth and decreased cognitive ability.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 1996

Temperature-dependent development study for overwintered eggs of Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) wasconducted to develop a forecasting model for egg hatch date. Hatch times of overwintered eggs were comparedat five constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 27$^{\circ}$C) and different collection dates. A nonlinear, four-parameterdevelopmental model with high temperature inhibition accurately described (R2=0.9948) mean developmentalrates of all temperatures. Variation in developmental times was modeled(~~=0.972w9)it h a cumulative Weibullfunction. Least-squares linear regression (rate=O.O06358[Temp.]-0.07566)d escribed development in the linearregion (15-25$^{\circ}$C) of the development curve. The low development threshold temperature was estimated 11.9"Cand 154.14 degree-days were required for complete development. The linear degree-day model (thermal summation)and rate summation model (Wagner et al. 1985) were validated using field phenology data. In degreedaymodels, mean-minus-base method, sine wave method, and rectangle method were used in estimation of dailythermal units. Mean-minus-base method was 18 to 28d late, sine wave method was 11 to 14d late, rectanglemethod was 3 to 5d late, and rate summation model was 2 to 3d late in predicting 50% hatch of overwinteredeggs. hatch of overwintered eggs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 2020

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) has disadvantages such as increasing the low doses of irradiation to normal tissues and accumulated dose for the whole volume by leakage and transmission of the Multi Leaf Collimator (MLC). The accumulated dose and low dose may increase the occurrence of secondary malignant neoplasms. For this reasons, the jaw tracking function of the TrueBeam (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) was developed to reduce the leakage and transmission dose of the MLC with existing linear accelerators. But quantitative analysis of the dose reduction has not been verified. Therefore, in the present study, we intended to verify the clinical possibility of utilizing the jaw tracking function in brain tumor with comparison of treatment plans. To accomplish this, 3 types of original treatment plans were made using Eclipse11 (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA): 1) beyond 2 cm distance from the Organs At Risk (OARs); 2) within 2 cm distance from the OARs; and 3) intersecting with the OARs. Jaw tracking treatment plans were also made with copies of the original treatment planning using Smart LMC Version 11.0.31 (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). A comparison between the 2 types of treatment planning methods was performed using the difference of the mean dose and maximum dose to the OARs in cumulative Dose Volume Histogram (DVH). In the DVH comparison, the maximum difference of 0.5 % was observed between the planning methods in the case of over 2 cm distance, and the maximum of 0.6 % was obtained for within the 2 cm distance. For the case intersecting with the OAR, the maximum difference of 2 % was achieved. According to these results, it could be realized that the differences of mean dose and maximum dose to the OARs was larger when the OARs and PTV were closer. Therefore, treatment plans with the jaw tracking function consistently affected the dose reduction and the clinical possibility could be verified.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.3
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• pp.285-291
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• 1999

Loblolly(Pinus taeda L.) and slash(Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pines are the most important timber producing species in the Southern United States. Site index equations to estimate site index curves(base age 25 years) for loblolly pine and slash pine plantations have been developed based on long-term repeated measurement data sets. To check magnitude of errors in estimating site index, each cumulative measurement cycle data sets and all combined data sets were used to recalculate site index values. The Chapman-Richards' growth function was selected for stand height prediction. Anamorphic base age invariant site index curves were presented based on this height prediction equation. Statistics used in the evaluation were mean of the differences and mean of the absolute differences. For plantation ages less than 5 years, site index values showed very sensitive fur both species based on the evaluation test.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.7-24
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• 2008

Masan-Jinhae Bay, in Korea, is known for its frequent algal bloom outbreaks. This study was conducted in order to examine the environmental characteristics of the area, with the aim of identifying indicators that could be used to speculate about future algal blooms. The water temperatures and salinities in Haengam Bay, one of the small inner bays within Jinhae, appeared to re relatively higher than those in Masan and Jinhae bays, across most seasons. Furthermore, stratification begins to develop in all three regions from spring to summer as a result of the local heating effects and an increase in the efficient from the surrounding land. As a result, anoxic conditions appear near the bottom layer of the bay, leading to the deterioration of water quality, which has been identified as one of the causes of bloom outbreaks. Compared to Haengam and Jinhae bays, concentrations of DIN and DIP were remarkably higher in Masan Bay. However, the mean ratio of DIN to DIP was 3.3$\sim$13.6 in all three regions throughout the year, suggesting that nitrogen can function as a growth-limiting factor for phytoplankton. The results of mathematical models showed that cumulative organic pollutants may be a trigger for direct algal bloom occurrences, since residual tidal currents appeared to be less than $3\;cm\;\cdot\;s^{-1}$. Furthermore, computed DO concentrations in the four small inner bays of Jinhae during the summer appeared to be $3\;cm\;\cdot\;l^{-1}$ indicating a hypoxic state. Likewise, computed Chl-a concentrations turned out to be more than $0.01\;mg\;\cdot\;l^{-1}$, indicating eutrophication across most seasons. Based on the overall results, Masan-Jinhae Bay appeared to possess a very high potential for algal bloom outbreaks at anytime during the year.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.671-681
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• 2014

The distribution and abundance of coastal fish species in Asan Bay, Korea, were estimated from hydroacoustic survey and net catches. Acoustic data were collected with 38 and 200 kHz from July to October of 2012, and converted to the nautical area scattering coefficient (NASC, $m^2/mile^2$) for $0.25n{\cdot}mile$ along ten transects. Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus was the dominant specie in the net catches. The virtual echogram technique was used to distinguish E. japonicus from other species based on the differences in the mean volume backscattering strength (${\Delta}MVBS$) at 38 and 200 kHz. Engraulis japonicus and other fishes are mainly distributed in the center channel and outer part of Asan Bay. E. japonicus tends to move from inner to outer Asan Bay in summer and fall. From NASC data, the target strength and length-weight function of E. japonicus and other fishes were used to estimate the E. japonicus stock at 24.1-93.3 tons, and other fish at 40.6-88.4 tons from July to October 2012. The estimated anchovy biomass compared well with the cumulative catch weight from stow net catches. The hydroacoustic method offers an approach to understanding spatial/temporal structure and estimating the biomass of fish aggregations in coastal areas.