• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.550-563
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• 2000

This study was carried out in order to elucidate the fundamental data on the taste compounds between wild and cultured fishes produced on Chungmu and Wando at the southern coast areas of Korea. For this purpose, the food components of cultured fishes such as red sea bream Pagnus major, Sebastes pachycephalus and flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus being spot lighted for the main sea fish, the staple food and high economic fish were investigated and compared with those of the wild ones. There was a little appreciable difference in the proximate compositions of all the species from localities between wild and cultured fishes. But according to the growing conditions, wild fishes were higher in moisture contents and lower in crude lipid content than those of cultured fishes and little difference was seen in protein and ash contents between the two. With regard to the nucleotides and their related compounds, i.e. ADP, IMP and inosine were detected but ATP and hypoxanathine were not from them. On the other hand, there were little difference in the total taste compounds of all the species from localities and the growing conditions between wild and cultured fishes. But all the species were higher in IMP content. The total of seventeen amino acids were detected in samples. The highly contents of glutamic acid, lysine, aspartic acid, proline, leucine, alanine, valine and alginine were showed and less low contents of cystein, histidine, methionine, tyrosine and phenylalanine were detected. The total amino acids of the others were much alike in that composition. Little difference was seen from localities and the growing conditions between wild and cultured ones. The free amino acids were much alike in that composition of all the species. There was little difference in the free amino acid compositions all the species from localities and the growing conditions between wild and cultured fishes. But taurine was dominant, showing from 39% to 65% of the free amino acid content and it is followed by hydroxyproline, lysine, alanine and glycine in other. There were differences in the organic acid compositions of all the species from localities and the growing conditions between wild and cultured fishes. In addition, cultured fishes were more abundant in the total organic acid compositions than those of wild ones.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2016

In the present study, to clarify a possible relevance of blind-side hypermelanosis to chronic stress in cultured flounders, P. olivaceus, a serial experiment was tried with comparison of biochemical stress factors between wild type and hypermelanic type in cultured olive flounders. The mean size of experimental animal was total length 21.5±0.42 cm and body weight 87.5±6.1 g. The initial malpigmented area rate on the blind side skin was 0.63±0.12% and 16.7±4.7%, respectively, in the wild type and the hypermelanic type. The stress factors surveyed in the experiment were glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), cortisol, free type-thyroid hormones (FT₃ and FT₄) in plasma, and also moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash in body muscle. As a result, GLU and TP were higher in hypermelanic type than in wild type. Plasma cortisol was also higher in hypermelanic type than in wild type. In FT₃ and FT₄, any difference between two groups was not observed. In body nutrient factors, the moisture and the crude ash in body composition were not different between two groups, but the crude protein was low and the crude lipid was high in the hypermelanic type. Therefore, it is concluded that the blind-side hypermelanosis of cultured flounders could be related with a chronic stress.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.2 s.75
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• pp.345-351
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• 2006

Streptococcus sp. were isolated from cultured flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) having Streptococcosis during 2004 to 2005 in Jeju Island. Ninety four Streptococcus iniae strains were isolated using biochemical test and multiplex PCR assay. Three genotypes (A, B, C-type) of S. iniae were appeared in the RAPD analysis and they showed international or local genetic polymorphism. Presently, S. iniae having A-type is a dominant S. iniae genotype in Jeju and showed band patterns at about 550, 850, 1000, 1300 and 2000 base pares. In this study, the reported P14 random primer, that used to distinguish serotypes of S. iniae could not be applied to distinguish Jeju island S. iniae's genetic polymorphism.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.91-95
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• 2020

Fish bacterial diseases have spread and caused serious problem for cultured marine fish in Korea. The important bacterial disease affecting mariculture such as olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) are caused by Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio scophthalmi and Streptococcus parauberis. For the bacterial disease protection in aquaculture industry, the water treatment is needed in aquaculture system. During the last decades atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma in contact with liquids have received a lot of attention of environmental and medical application. In this study, we determined the disinfectant effect in seawater and three major fish bacterial disease pathogens by using low frequency plasma treatment. Three fish bacteria (E. tarda, V. schophthalmi, S. parauberis) were not detected within 16 min, 150 min and 270 min of 20 L, 500 L and 1 ton seawater post low frequency plasma treatment, respectively. Three major fish bacterial disease pathogens were not detected within 2 min after the low frequency plasma treatment, suggesting that the low frequency plasma possess disinfectant effectiveness.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.233-234
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• 2000

Formalin, 37% formaldehyde, has been employed as a chemical for controlling ectoparasites and aquatic fungi responsible for infectious fish of diseases in hatcheries and culture facilities (Roberts, 1978; Schnick, 1991; Rach et al., 1997). Regarding the commercial usage of formaldehyde in the aquaculture industry, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved three commercial products as parasiticides in a species-specific manner: Paracide-F and Formalin-F for bluegill, catfish, largemouth bass, salmon, and trout and Parasite-S for all finfish (FDA, 1998). Withdrawal time for these products was legally zero when used as permitted under the regulations. With the increased production of cultured fish in Korea, such as olive Hounder Paralichthys olivaceus and black rockfish Sebastes schlegeli, application of formalin to diseased fish has become more frequent. Moreover, there is still some concern about environmental exposures caused by effluents from fish culture facilities. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate residues in fish resulting from therapeutic usage of formalin in the aquaculture industry and to document the rate of disappearance of formaldehyde in seawater treated with formalin. (omitted)

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.97-111
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• 1997

In the winter of 1995, mass mortality occurred in cultured flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus in Gurongpo, Kyoungbuk, Korea. From the observations of moribund and dead fish, parasitic ciliates, which were shown as white spots to the naked eye, were considered to be involved in the mass mortality. From heavily infected flounders, histopathological, morphological and biological characterization of these ciliates were carried out. In the histological observation, many ciliates were found under the epithelia of gill filaments and skin, and caused hyperplasia of epithelial and mucus cells at the infected areas. The ciliates found on the body surface, fins and gills were very similar to Cryptocaryon irritans. However the ciliates showed two different patterns of reproductian, i.e., typical form(palintomy)and atypical form(budding plus multiple fission) at $16^{\circ}C$ of water temperature. The occurrence ratio between typical and atypical form was about 3:2. Tomitogenesis takes 8-14 days in the typical and 13-15 days in the atypical form. In the viability test at different temperatures and salinities, the typical form died below 30‰ at $12^{\circ}C$, below 20‰ at $16^{\circ}C$, below 15‰ at $20^{\circ}C$, and below 25‰ at $24^{\circ}C$, respectively. On the other hand, the atypical form died below 20‰ at $12^{\circ}C$, below 15‰ at 16-$20^{\circ}C$, and below 25‰ at $24^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results suggested that the atypical has better viability at low salinity than that of the typical at low temperatures. In the excystment time and success rates of excystment according to temperatures, the typical form showed 8 days, 30% at $12^{\circ}C$ : 6.5 days, 50%, at $16^{\circ}C$ : 5.5 days, 75% at $20^{\circ}C$ : and 7 days, 10% at $24^{\circ}C$, respectively. On the other hand, the atypical form showed 15.5 days at $12^{\circ}C$ : 14 days, 76.6% at $16^{\circ}C$ : 12 days, 72.2% at $20^{\circ}C$ : 10 days 31.6% at $24^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results suggested that the atypical form had longer excystment time than that of the typical form at any temperature and showed better stability at low temperatures.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 2009

The pharmacokinetic properties of oxolinic acid (OA) were studied after oral administration, intraperitoneal injection and dipping to cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (average 90 g, $23{\pm}1{^{\circ}C}$). Plasma samples were taken at 3, 5, 10, 15, 24, 30, 48, 96 and 144 h post-dose. In oral dosage at 15, 30 and 60 ㎎/㎏, the peak plasma concentrations of OA, which attained at 10~15 h post-dose, were 1.92, 2.45 and 3.72 $\mu{g}/m\ell$, respectively. In intraperitoneal injection with 10 and 20 ㎎/㎏, the peak plasma concentrations of OA, which attained at 10 h post-dose, were 4.1 and 4.8 $\mu{g}/m\ell$, respectively. In dipping in 30 and 50 ppm for 1 h, peak concentrations were observed at 5 h and 30 h post-dose, were 0.22 and 0.38 $\mu{g}/m\ell$, respectively. The kinetic profile of absorption, distribution and elimination of OA in plasma were analyzed fitting to a one-compartment model by WinNonlin program. Calculated parameters for a single oral dosage of 15, 30 and 60 ㎎/㎏, respectively, were: AUC (the area under the concentration-time curve)=70.93, 120.0 and 141.86 $\mu{g}$ $h/m\ell$ $T_{max}$ (time for maximum concentration)=16.22, 20.39 and 17.33 h; $C_{max}$ (maximum concentration)=���D1.61, 2.40 and 3.01 $\mu{g}/m\ell$. Following intraperitoneal injection of 10 and 20 ㎎/㎏, these parameters were AUC=184.7 and 315.92 $\mu{g}$ $h/m\ell$ $T_{max}$=5.91 and 6.26 h; $C_{max}$=4.19 and 4.45 $\mu{g}/m\ell$. Following dipping at 30 and 50 ppm, these parameters were AUC=17.58 and 21.69 $\mu{g}$ $h/m\ell$ $T_{max}$=19.08 and 31.43 h; $C_{max}$x=0.22 and 0.25 $\mu{g}/m\ell$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.601-606
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• 1999

Physiological responses of cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) on lowering seawater temperature sharply and continuously were studied with 4 experiments of temperature changes (Exp.I$\~$IV). In Exp.1, the temperature was decreased from $18^{\circ}C$ to $9^{\circ}C$ by the rate of $1^{\circ}C$/hr, thereafter back to the initial temperature after 5 dars. With the same conditions of temperature rate and 5 days interval, the temperature changes for Exp.II, III and IV were $20^{\circ}C$ to $17^{\circ}C,\;23^{\circ}C$ to $14^{\circ}C$ and $23^{\circ}C$ to $17^{\circ}C$, respectively, Serum cortisol and glucose were measured during whole experiments. Hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were measured in the Exp.I, and osmolality, electrolytes ($Na^+,\;Cl^-,\;K^+,\;Ca^{2+}$), total protein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of serum, in Exp.II$\~$IV. Serum cortisol levels were significantly increased by the lowering temperature sharply during whole experiments, while serum glucose levels were increased only in Exp,III and IV. Ht, RBC and Hb were decreased as the water temperature was lowered, but MCHC was increased. The serum osmolality was reduced and the unstable changes of electrolytes were shown by the changes of seawater temperature. No significant changes in total protein, ALT and AST activity were observed.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2011

To find the preliminary environmental conditions for a short-time transport of living olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, the stress response and physiological metabolic activity of the cultured fish to feed deprivation and slow temperature descending ($15.8^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}13.3^{\circ}C$) were monitored for 8 days. The monitored variables were the plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), electrolytes ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$) and thyroid hormones ($TT_4$, $TT_3$, $FT_4$ and $FT_3$). In food deprivation experiment for 8 days, we did not find any statistical change of level in AST, ALT and electrolytes ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$), but found a significant decrease in TP and GLU. In thyroid hormones, the levels of four hormones in plasma were all showing a tendency to decrease. Especially, $FT_4$ and $TT_3$ were significantly decreased, indicating a withering of physiologic activity. In the temperature test, although no any significant change in AST, TP and electrolytes ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$), we observed a significant decrease of ALT and GLU following to temperature descending from $15.8^{\circ}C$ to $13.3^{\circ}C$ (P<0.05). In the levels of thyroid hormones, any significant change was not observed for experimental period. We conclude that the stress response and physiological activity of olive flounder were more influenced by feed deprivation than slow temperature descending at a transport of living fish, and plasma GLU appears to be sensitive factor to physiological metabolic activity, indicating that it could be used as a monitering mark or index for a health inspection of the fish.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.236-243
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• 2004

Antimicrobial effect of chitosan and its oligosaccharides was examined on Vibrios sp., Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus sp., which are major pathogenic bacteria inducing bacterial diseases of acquacultured flounder. Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS ) were produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan in an ultrafiltration mombrane bioreactor system which was established with three membranes with different molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000, and fractionated into three kinds of COS, based on their molecular weight sizes. The three kinds of COS were as follows : relatively high molecular weight COS [HMW-COS, molecular weight distribution of 7,000 to 24,000 Da〕, medium molecular weight COS 〔MMW-COS, 1,500 to 6,000 Da〕, and low molecular weight COS 〔LMW-COS, 1,000 to 1,500 Da). Chitosan and HMW-COS effectively inhibited the growths of Vibrio sp. and Streptococcus sp. and their antimicrobial activities were superior to the others with smaller molecular weights. This result suggested that antimicrobial effect of chitosan preparations extremely depend on their molecular weight sizes. Antimicrobial effect of chitosan and HMW-COS on E. tarda was improved by longer inoculation times. Scanning electron microscopy in morphological change of E. tarda treated with chitosan preparations showed that chitosan and HMW-COS bound to the cells and suppressed the growth of the cells. This observation appears to prove the fact that positive charged amines of chitosan electrostatically bind to negative charged compounds of cell walls.