• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.141-151
• /
• 2002

The success of sericulture industry in India is mainly attributed to the well-planned annual sericultural activity and the systematic implementation of pest preventive and control measures. The insect spectrum of silkworm and its food plants is complex and plays a major role in limiting the production of silk. Insects cause extensive damage to plant whereas predators and parasites either kill the silkworm larvae or force them to spin flimsy cocoons. Unilateral control measure against this pest is mainly based on the use of synthetic organic insecticides. Though these approaches initially paid rich dividends, the undesirable consequences soon surfaced. Insecticide induced resurgence of gall midges, leafhopper, leaf roller, secondary pest out breaks and development of pest biotypes has led to realization of Integrated Pest Management in sericulture. Various components of IPM, viz. Host plant resistance, cultural practices, biological control, chemical control and integrating them at various technological levels have been studied. Sources of host plant resistance have been identified for some of the major insect pests. High yielding mulberry variety has been propagated and their resistances towards major pests have been recorded. Cultural practices like pruning, pollarding, judicious use of nitrogen, optimum spacing and weed management have preyed to be the powerful tools in containing pests. Natural control over the pest population build- up exerted by the wide range of parasitoids, predators and pathogens has been well documented with identification of natural enemies and studies on their potential. Augmentation, through inoculation or inundative releases of parasitic arthropods, is the most direct way of increasing the numbers of these beneficials in sericulture.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.61-69
• /
• 1992

Weed control in mid season of rice fields was systemized earlier in Korea than in Western Europe or China. The most representative method was pull out the weeds by hand followed by 'Seojibeob'(鋤地法 : method of hoeing) after draining. It was practiced 3 to 4 times to do extensively. Also, the purposes of transplanting arid direct seeding in rows were to manage weed problems effectively, which means that the development of cultural techniques is closely related to 'Seojibeob'(鋤地法). From the 17th century, techniques of deep plowing(because of principal : 'Simkyonginu'(深耨易耕 : Deep plowing make easy to hoe) and 'Hwanubeob'(火耨法 : derived from 'Hwakyong soonubeob) for effective weed management of waste lands were newly adopted and spreaded due to the situations ant that time. Thus, the practice of large-scale farming resulted from the adaptation of the techniques and methods described above. In the 18th to 19th century, the cultural methods, not much different from 'Seojibeob', were changed and the number of weeding was decreased. Especially, the techniques of dry seeding of rice were practiced by originating the ideal 'Seojibeob', in which water availability was improved in northern drought areas and also weed problems were easily managed. In addition, intensively large-scale farming showed weed management problems, so that 'Cheonilrok'(千一錄) by Woo Ha-young described the techniques of 'Banjongbeob'(反種法) or 'Hwanubeob' and in the end of the Chosun dynasty extensively large-scale farming was practiced by putting intensive and extensive techniques together. As the results, agricuitural productivity of Korea was increased 5 times by that time.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.122-130
• /
• 2013

The object of this study is to review the current states of the characteristics and strategies to control annual bluegrass to apply information to the circumstance of South Korea. Annual bluegrass is one of the most widespread turfgrass species which has great ability to produce seedhead and shoot growth. It also has ability to tolerate low mowing height and to form uniformity of turfgrass when it is established. Annual bluegrass is well-known as weak turfgrass for high and low temperature. High rate of nitrogen and phosphorus improves growth of annual bluegrass. To control annual bluegrass, deep and infrequent irrigation is more effective than light and frequent irrigation. Clipping removal is more effective than clipping return to control annual bluegrass. Prodiamine, bensulide, and dithiopyr are applied as pre-emergence herbicide, and ethofumesate and bisbyribac-sodium are used as post-emergence herbicide. Paclobutrazol and flurprimidol are used as plant growth regulator. Trinexapac which is one of the most popular plant growth regulators (PGRs) in South Korea is not proper to control annual bluegrass because it accelerates improve growth of annual bluegrass in summer. Although chemical control is mainly used in South Korea, combination of cultural and chemical control may be the strategy to maximize effectiveness to control annual bluegrass.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.77-82
• /
• 2006

Annual bluegrass(Poa annua L.) is a problem weed that is very difficult to control on golf courses. There are some reasons that make Poa annua such a difficult weed to be controled. One of these reasons is this plant's ability to reproduce its seed even under stressful conditions. Another reason is its adaptation to low mowing heights. Above all things, the greatest competitive advantage of Poa annua is its genetic diversity. Generally, Poa annua is a bunch type and annual type cool-season grass, but some types act as weak perennials and have stolons. There has been much research on controlling annual bluegrass in golf course turf with chemical and cultural techniques. This research has been conducted for more than 85 years. There has been some progress in controlling some types of Poa annua, but these methods have not been successful on every biotype. Among all of the techniques, Roundup ready creeping bentgrass has the most promise of controlling the diverse types of Poa annua. Roundup ready bentgrass is capable of tolerating the effects of Roundup(glyphosate) while it kills other plants including Poa annua. By using this new technology, we can make Poa annua free greens, tees, and fairways.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.402-407
• /
• 2013

Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon.) is one of the most difficult weedy species to control in turfgrass because it's high tolerant to various environmental and management stresses. This experiment was performed to find the integrated weed management including cultural practices to suppress bermudagrass in Zoysiagrass matrella (L) Merr. As results, two sequential applications of Fluazifop-P-butyl 0.05 ml $m^{-2}$ + Triclopyr-TEA 0.5 ml $m^{-2}$ and Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl 0.1 ml $m^{-2}$ + Triclopyr-TEA 0.5 ml $m^{-2}$ applied on 20 days intervals were evaluated the primary option for bermudagrass suppression and turfgrass injury was acceptable in zoysiagrass. In both treatments, turf injury was observed during 30days after the first application and almost recovered at 40days. While Fenoxaprop-Pethyl 0.1 ml $m^{-2}$ + Triclopyr-TEA 0.5 ml $m^{-22}$ were lightly phytotoxic to zoysiagrass in chlorophyll content test, there was no growth inhibition of zoysiagrass. Verticut practice (4 mm depth) just before herbicides application where zoyisagrass is contaminated with bermudagrass was not helpful to reduce turf injury in this experiment. However, alone verticut management was utilized to decrease about 12-14% bermudagrass population. Thus the application of Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl 0.1 ml $m^{-2}$ + Triclopyr-TEA 0.5 ml $m^{-2}$ which are permitted for turfgrass after zoysiagrass is perfectly recovered from turf injury by verticut practice should be utilized for bermudagrass reduction in zoysiagrass.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.178-181
• /
• 1996

A medicinal herb, Scutellaria baicalensis G., can be a potential cash crop if proper cultural practices are established with proper genotypes. In this report the current status and future measure in cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis G. in the southern parts of Korea are illustrated. We hope that this report stimulates research to investigate for the establishment of not only cultural practices such as sowing period after harvesting of barley, fertilizer application, planting density, weed control, and disease and insect control but also ideotype and disease resistant genotypes for the high yield of the herb.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.202-204
• /
• 1993

A medicinal herb, Alisma plantago L., can be a potential cash crop if proper cultural practices are established with proper genotypes. In this report the current status and future measure in cultivation of Alisma plantago L. in the southern parts of Korea are illustrated. We hope that this report stimulates research to investigate for the establishment of not only cultural practices such as fertilizer application, weed control, plant density, sowing period, and disease and insect control but also ideotype and disease resistant genotypes for the high yield of the herb.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.255-260
• /
• 1990

Seventeen different herbicides were screened to select promising ones for the control of weeds, which may be used in paddy fields transplanted with 8 days old young rice seedlings. Four classes of herbicides were chosen and tested with seedlings grown under different cultivating conditions. Contact herbicides such as diphenyl-ether and oxadiazol showed severe growth retardation of rice seedlings. Carbamate class(dimepiperate), quinoline class (quinclorac), pyrazol class(pyrazolate), acid amide class(mefenacet and pretilachlor), addition of safener (pretilachlor+fenclorim and mefenacet+bensulfuron+dymuron) and unknown class (KC-7079) exhibited normal growth of seedlings. Sulfonyl urea herbicide class(cimosulfuron, bensulfuron, pyrazosulfuron), and oxarane class(tridiphane) showed the slight growth inhibition but recovered shortly.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.439-451
• /
• 1982

In fact, rice cultivation technique from 1962 to 1970 was very slight, but this technique from 1970 to now was remarkably developed in Korea, it was due to development of high fretilizer responsive and lodging resistant variety, Tongil; ie. Ind. ${\times}$ Japonica remote-cross rice variety. The main factors of this development is as follow: Firstly the most farmer (more than 90%) used newly developed seedling growth method; polyethylene film covered protected nursery bed. Secondly date of transplanting (middle or late part. of May) was earlier 10-15days than before 1970. Thirdly new varieties were highly lodging resistant at high fertilizer level $(N-P_2O_5-K_2O:15-9-11 kg/l0a)$. However, this level is 50% increased one than it for Japonica varieties. At forth planting density increased up to 75-80 hills per $3.3m^2$. Added to these factors, farm labor shortage and wage increase due to economic development gave a chance for introduction of transplanting machine to farmer in 1977. It's use increased for 100, 800 ha in 1981. The most of farmers are using herbicides and weed control system dependoing on wood composition has been established and disseminated to farmer.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.576-585
• /
• 1991

General procedures of seed preparation as conventional guide had been established in China before most of Korean literature documented them. ‘Chwijongbeob’ (method of seed select) was to select good quality of seeds and to discard the rest. In ‘Seonjongbeob’ (method of seed grading) although China employed only ‘Sooseonbeob’ (method of seed select with water), but seeds were selected in order of selection of seeds by winds, selection of seeds by sieve and selection of seed with water in Korea. As compared with the recent techniques, those methods were perfect techniques for selection of good quality seeds of rice, except for method of seed selection by salt water was developed. The method for measurement of seed moisture, and for measurement of melted snow, spoiled urine and extracted juice by boiling water with the bone of livestock were originated from ancient China. The farming books in Korea were more or less followed the above methods. However, these techniques were complicated and impractical interms of validity and rationality. Also, it is judged that these tchniques are more appropriate in dry areas and alkaline soil of China rather than in Korean conditions. The plowing is a work to begin farming, and is operated for air ventilation between atmosphere and earth. Also, this techniques was adopted in the farming books from the early to the late Chosun dynasty without changes. Fields were deep-plowed in the first, in fall (or in spring) and for cultivation, and were shallow -plowed in the second, in spring (or in summer) and in intertillage. The former was for water reserve and land preparation, and the later was for weed control with intertillage. However, plowing in fall which was different from fallowing in dry areas, was recommended in Korea (Jikseol). but was not practiced in Sejongsilrok. This was changed with time, and plowing for cultivation in Korea was interrelated with use of green manure crops, method of plowing of upseting plough, method of manure practice and sometimes dry plowing. In addition, until the 15th century method of using a kind of plowing-tool made of log as farm tools was created to support reclamation for enlargement of farm land in mountaineous and coastal areas. For desolate farm lands by many internal and external disturbances, one tried to recover yield ability by increasing labor productivity from the 17th or 18th century. To do this, ‘Banjongbeob’ (culture method by upset plowing weed control) and ‘Hwanubeob’(culture method by firing weed control) which were cultural methods of ancient China were readapoted but the results were not clearly informed. Also, the reality of those was reexamined in the end of the Chosun dynasty.